tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85034004453938615522024-02-07T22:23:25.776-08:00Dino AboutHere you can enjoy reading news, jokes and our museum.Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.comBlogger195125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-62658390745379163282011-12-20T09:08:00.001-08:002011-12-20T09:08:54.400-08:00the bite force of T-rex<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I'm on a roll today. Might as well post another.<br /><br />So obviously, this is a Tyrannosaurus rex. It's so famous I'm afraid I don't really know what else to write about. Oh well, I'll just ramble on about bite forces then.<br /><br />T. rex has been the focus of many biomechanical studies. Bite force is no exception. However, as much of a celebrity T. rex is, as far as I'm aware, there have only been two studies so far that have attempted to estimate the bite force of T. rex: Erickson et al. (1996) and Meers (2002).<br /><br />Erickson et al. (1996) had an interesting approach of reproducing bite marks using cast replicas of a T. rex tooth and ramming it into a cow bone. They recorded the forces needed in order to penetrate the bone to different depths. The depths of T. rex bite marks found on a Triceratops ilium was compared to this relationship of puncture depth and forces needed. As a result they found out that a bite force of 6.4 kN were needed in order to to make that bite mark. From the shape and size of the tooth, Erickson et al. (1996) suggested that the bite may have been made from a mid maxillary tooth. So they extrapolated a possible bite force for the posterior-most tooth position. Further, they suggest that up to 30% of the original bite force may have been lost due to several layers of soft tissues that the tooth would have had to penetrate before it reached the bone. In conclusion, they proposed a maximum bite force of 13.4 kN.<br /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" />Mason Meers (2002) on the other hand employed a much simpler <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvTH8t-fQtOZkSXjOeCBNfO93nUopSwUnuAJTPP9MZXGBy6B_dLgqNHT4cqxGxfaI6Gphx5nOaJ4NdcxzoEmfvaep3g8-96yNjUHGDIPAk-SYf_CpxLfqySCX9WcOiTVnMYn-lh2JwVc/s1600-h/060713-t-rex-teens_big.jpg"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOvTH8t-fQtOZkSXjOeCBNfO93nUopSwUnuAJTPP9MZXGBy6B_dLgqNHT4cqxGxfaI6Gphx5nOaJ4NdcxzoEmfvaep3g8-96yNjUHGDIPAk-SYf_CpxLfqySCX9WcOiTVnMYn-lh2JwVc/s200/060713-t-rex-teens_big.jpg" /></a>approach. He regressed bite force against body mass and extrapolated the relationship to a 5 tonne T. rex. As a result, his maximum bite force was 183 to 235 kN, an order of magnitude higher than Erickson et al.'s (1996).<br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" />So which is closer to the truth?<br /><br />I would say somewhere in between the two.<br /><br />Through my own studies, I'm confident to say that Erickson et al.'s (1996) bite force estimate is not really a maximal value. This isn't restricted to just Erickson et al.'s (1996) estimates but for other theropods as well (Rayfield et al. 2001; Mazzetta et al. 2004a, b). With Rayfield et al. (2001) and Mazzetta et al. (2004a, b), their methods in bite force estimation may have the tendency to underestimate. Erickson et al. (1996) on the other hand probably estimated their bite force fairly accurately. The only problem is that the T. rex that produced the bite mark may not have exerted its maximum bite force. The position of the bite on the Triceratops (in the pelvic region) strongly suggests that these bite marks were produced post-mortem and were probably not killing bites but feeding bites. It is unclear just how hard it was biting, but the safe bet is, it was probably just happily munching away at a leisurely (or necessary) bite. I had a chat with Greg Erickson at a conference and he seems to have an opinion along this line as well.<br /><br style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLv_e4ckRqJ3D3jXoQ8LHlM6Mx9ids5bzwDTZxhKwuUCquzgo7aRBabSQBL5A4ri2241r83obaq_PWkcF_wDkGJZRtFxjtpak5y8fRxjOr1BRZUVdVg9DEpnrceLCcYw9FYNOYVdOpbM/s1600-h/kd_pop_big1.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #336699; font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055926994053972802" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbLv_e4ckRqJ3D3jXoQ8LHlM6Mx9ids5bzwDTZxhKwuUCquzgo7aRBabSQBL5A4ri2241r83obaq_PWkcF_wDkGJZRtFxjtpak5y8fRxjOr1BRZUVdVg9DEpnrceLCcYw9FYNOYVdOpbM/s200/kd_pop_big1.jpg" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; cursor: pointer; float: left; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 10px; margin-top: 0pt; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-top: 4px;" /></a>Meers (2002) on the other hand may have overestimated maximum bite force. This is mostly because his slope on the regression equation is closer to 1, or proportional increase of bite force with increasing body mass. So the bigger the animal the stronger the bite. However, my own studies suggest that this slope may actually be significantly lower than 1, so in other words, the bigger the animal, the progressively weaker the bite gets relative to its increase in body mass.<br /><br />So this puts maximum bite force for T. rex with various body mass estimates at somewhere between 50 to 80 kN.</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-82667308486800317302011-12-20T08:51:00.001-08:002011-12-20T08:51:21.952-08:00Penguin and dinosaur cartoon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img height="189" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTHFDD2CrUaGhMmo9PjKEkmSHNWlo_WykqDY40xO-WnlInxUnQ-" width="640" />
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-30482020681536959062011-12-20T08:50:00.000-08:002011-12-20T08:50:11.339-08:00Dinosaur on the work cartoon<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img height="498" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQQrX-hT15JjWgdX4V9BE-nSr3DW3fVdBqArh0HsLLTK_irBFzE" width="640" />
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-27575387791826039862011-12-20T08:43:00.000-08:002011-12-20T08:47:47.935-08:00My top 10 biggest sauropods<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Good evening to all. Today I will look throw the biggest sauropods. We know that this group of dinosaurs were the biggest creatures on the planet Earth. Many of them are known from only pieces of vertebrae. Ok let's start.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLtsrMyYUQQalfVwhjtQtJxumdwZZgiS4dbTYu2DzhepnifScy" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRLtsrMyYUQQalfVwhjtQtJxumdwZZgiS4dbTYu2DzhepnifScy" /></a><br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">10. </span></span>The "smallest of the biggest" and may be the most well known sauropod is Diplodocus. This giant from the Late Jurassic was 30 meters long and weighed 25 tons. First when it was described, scientists estimated the size of Diplodocus as 54 meters long and 113 tons weight.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a><br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">9. </span></span>Supersaurus probably is an another individual of Apatosaurus, but I will introduce it like a separate genus. Supersaurus was probably 35-40 meters long and weighed up to 35 tons. Ultrasaurus is a synonym to Supersaurus.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>8. </b></span>Seismosaurus was an unusual large diplodocid. It was much larger than its relatives such as Diplodocus and Supersaurus. This giant was 54 meters long and weighed 30 tons.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDpawZE27Os-PKWsMbkcrvyX8iGYlVuIrwgy_FSJ7yJ_Z2SiyaWg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQDpawZE27Os-PKWsMbkcrvyX8iGYlVuIrwgy_FSJ7yJ_Z2SiyaWg" /></a></div>
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><br /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>7. </b></span>Antarctosaurus is an another titanosaurian competitor. The second specie of this sauropod seems to be one of the largest. Approaching 30 meters long and weighing 60 tons Antarctosaurus is the seventh.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS34B4roNHOhIhQmRYsONYpZIR3pvGH1D95lyuzUz7qtJ82tpgl" /></a><br />
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVBeRapVgaCOdr_47I6IHLXJllq9sfJ1x_RUerJ33VKjbXvXex5w" imageanchor="1"></a><a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVBeRapVgaCOdr_47I6IHLXJllq9sfJ1x_RUerJ33VKjbXvXex5w" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVBeRapVgaCOdr_47I6IHLXJllq9sfJ1x_RUerJ33VKjbXvXex5w" /></a><span style="font-size: x-large;">6</span>. The sixth of the largest sauropods is an enormous Sauroposeidon. this dinosaur may have been the highest creature on the planet Earth. It is the biggest Brachiosaurid. It was 17 meters in height.. It was 30-34 meters long and 60-65 tons in weight.. But we are still in finding the largest</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;">5. </span>Paralitian was slightly smaller than the previous competitor. It was 31 meters long. But it was much heavier than the previous two competitors. Paralititan was an African dinosaur that weighed 80 tons. Tis giant was probably hunted by enormous predators like Carcharodontosaurus. I think it must be the fifth.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ4BtYMMMkYY8LArkWpW4MT1rtdPvnSU84lkKGh8jvo326tY8mk" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" height="138" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ4BtYMMMkYY8LArkWpW4MT1rtdPvnSU84lkKGh8jvo326tY8mk" width="200" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">4.</span>Futalognkosaurus is a South American titanosaurid. Its name means "giant chief lizard". With its size, Futalognkosaurus couldn't have been a good chief. It was 32-35 meters long and 75-80 tons weight. Little bigger than the Paralititan.</div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="149" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="200" /></a>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3.</span>On the top three largest sauropods is an Argentinosaurus from Argentina. This dinosaur was bigger and heavier than the all previous sauropods. It was 35 meters long and weighed 100 tons. But even this lizard isn't the largest.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRfNLHnj5_je0RvzZYZ3cDZSJ_2rcatSNm7LTQdZwQGutrpMni1VQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRfNLHnj5_je0RvzZYZ3cDZSJ_2rcatSNm7LTQdZwQGutrpMni1VQ" width="200" /></a>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">2.</span> Introducing the second of the largest creature ever stepped on the Earth. The huge Amphicoelias. It is known from only one part of the vertebrae. This vertebrae is much larger than that of Argentinosaurus. This giant was 60 meters long and 120 tons in weight. but it is only the second.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCOFbmRCcbM0yKnMP8zEQIrAYWHID73-9DWQzChtsUtJklhaeV" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCOFbmRCcbM0yKnMP8zEQIrAYWHID73-9DWQzChtsUtJklhaeV" width="400" /></a>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #f1c232; color: white; font-size: x-large;">1.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> And the winner of my top 10 of the largest sauropods. This dinosaur surpass Amphicoelias in mass by 30 tons. This sauropod was 40-44 meters long. And it is titanosaurid dinosaur from India. Meet the largest creature on the planet Earth. </span><b><span style="background-color: #f1c232; font-size: large;">Bruhathkoyasaurus!!!!</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-13969815094937099292011-12-20T07:01:00.000-08:002011-12-20T07:01:05.170-08:00Plant-Eating Dinosaur Discovered in Antarctica<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
</div>
For the first time, the presence of large bodied herbivorous dinosaurs in Antarctica has been recorded. Until now, remains of sauropoda -- one of the most diverse and geographically widespread species of herbivorous dinosaurs -- had been recovered from all continental landmasses, except Antarctica. Dr. Ignacio Alejandro Cerda, from CONICET in Argentina, and his team's identification of the remains of the sauropod dinosaur suggests that advanced titanosaurs (plant-eating, sauropod dinosaurs) achieved a global distribution at least by the Late Cretaceous*. <div>
<a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2011/12/111219102054.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2011/12/111219102054.jpg" /></a><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;">Their work has just been published online in Springer's journal Naturwissenschaften - The Science of Nature.</span></div>
<div>
<div style="background-color: white; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
Sauropoda is the second most diverse group of dinosaurs, with more than 150 recognized species. It includes the largest terrestrial vertebrates that ever existed. Although many sauropod remains have been discovered in North and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe, there is no previous record of sauropoda in Antarctica. Other important dinosaur discoveries have been made in Antarctica in the last two decades -- principally in the James Ross Basin.Dr. Cerda and colleagues report the first finding of a sauropod dinosaur from this continent and provide a detailed description of an incomplete middle-tail vertebra, recovered from James Ross Island. The specific size and morphology of the specimen, including its distinctive ball and socket articulations, lead the authors to identify it as an advanced titanosaur.<br /><br />These titanosaurs originated during the Early Cretaceous and were the predominant group of sauropod dinosaurs until the extinction of all non-bird dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous. Although they were one of the most widespread and successful species of sauropod dinosaurs, their origin and dispersion are not completely understood.<br /><br />The authors conclude: "Our discovery, and subsequent report, of these sauropod dinosaur remains from Antarctica improves our current knowledge of the dinosaurian faunas during the Late Cretaceous on this continent."*The Cretaceous Period spanned 99.6-65.5 million years ago, and ended with the extinction of the dinosaurs.<br /><br />*Note: The Cretaceous Period spanned 99.6-65.5 million years ago, and ended with the extinction of the dino<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="line-height: 15px;">saurs.</span></span></div>
</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-75253928769263450022011-12-20T06:53:00.000-08:002011-12-20T06:53:26.268-08:00Deinocheirus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a></div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li style="text-align: justify;"><b>Deinocheirus was a lrge theropod dinosaur that lived about 70 million years ago in Mongolia. Its name means "terrible hand". This lizard was really huge. It was 10 meters long and grew up to 10 tons. When it was discovered it was thought that Deinocheirus had been a carnivore and it could kill the prey of almost any size. It used its enormous 40 centimeters long claws to assisting im pulling down branches.</b></li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSreYdS5nYb4GutbhzyrzvgAGhZ8kWF9ZII15E6dp7xhUrdHWNp" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSreYdS5nYb4GutbhzyrzvgAGhZ8kWF9ZII15E6dp7xhUrdHWNp" /></a><b>The most well-preserved parts of its fossils are arms. They were about 2.5 meters long with 20 centimeters long claws. Also it had very long neck. It probably fed like sauropods, reaching the highest food. It was 4 meters tall and probably the highest theropod. It could use its claw for defending. The predators like Tarbosaurus could attack this peaceful giant.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The only known fossil remains are a single pair of massive forelimbs and the remains of some ribs and vertebrae. They were found on 9 July 1965 during a Polish-Mongolian expedition to the Gobi by Professor Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska at the Altan Ula III site in Ömnögovi Province. The find was reported by her in 1966</b></div>
<br />
<br />
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-58896987182574886862011-12-19T10:43:00.000-08:002011-12-19T10:43:49.676-08:00Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a>The well-sampled Late Cretaceous fossil record of North America remains the only high-resolution dataset for evaluating patterns of dinosaur diversity leading up to the terminal Cretaceous extinction event. Hadrosaurine hadrosaurids (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) closely related toEdmontosaurus are among the most common megaherbivores in latest Campanian and Maastrichtian deposits of western North America.<br /><br /><br />However, interpretations of edmontosaur species richness and biostratigraphy have been in constant flux for almost three decades, although the clade is generally thought to have undergone a radiation in the late Maastrichtian. We address the issue of edmontosaur diversity for the first time using rigorous morphometric analyses of virtually all known complete edmontosaur skulls. Results suggest only two valid species, Edmontosaurus regalis from the late Campanian, and E. annectens from the late Maastrichtian, with previously named taxa, including the controversial Anatotitan copei, erected on hypothesized transitional morphologies associated with ontogenetic size increase and allometric growth.<br /><br />A revision of North American hadrosaurid taxa suggests a decrease in both hadrosaurid diversity and disparity from the early to late Maastrichtian, a pattern likely also present in ceratopsid dinosaurs. A decline in the disparity of dominant megaherbivores in the latest Maastrichtian interval supports the hypothesis that dinosaur diversity decreased immediately preceding the end Cretaceous extinction event.</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-53410368231214963442011-12-19T10:33:00.000-08:002011-12-19T10:33:07.225-08:00The Function of Stegosaurus Plates<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: justify;">
<img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRx8I56NxS8hoHdZ4UT83mD9C9tv1eU2eZzosq0JXSMPAC8iIXy" /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The function of the pointed plates along the Stegosaurus spine is a much-debated topic among scientists. Early paleontologists believed they were for defense, but recent research suggests they may have been to regulate heat transfer or for display purposes.</div>
<span style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Stegosaurus was an herbivorous dinosaur from the late Jurassic period, about 200-145 million years ago. Its most distinctive features were the seventeen plates called osteoderms rising from its spine. Osteoderms are bony structures originating from beneath the skin, such as lizards’ scales.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the late nineteenth century, paleontologist Othniel Marsh hypothesized the dinosaur’s plates were for defense. If this were the case, the sides of Stegosaurus would be left unprotected, as the plates weren’t large enough to cover the sides. This wasn’t addressed in his hypothesis, which isn’t surprising given that Marsh conducted little field work.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Like every geological puzzle, scientists examine it through the lens of uniformitarianism, the concept that the present is the key to understanding the past. The physical laws governing the universe today were in effect in the Jurassic period when Stegosaurus roamed the earth, so contemporary analogies can help us understand ancient environments. Looking at modern animals with similar structures may hold the key to understanding the function of these unique structures.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Upon dissection of fossilized dermal plates, scientists found large blood vessels running through them. In the 1970’s, paleontologists James Farlow et al speculated that air flowing around the dermal plates could have helped cool or heat the dinosaur’s blood, playing a thermoregulatory role. They compared these to modern animals such as elephants, whose ears serve a similar function.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Upon further inspection, though, this explanation didn’t hold up. The blood vessels seemed to be “dead ends”, not leading anywhere in particular. Also, not all Stegosaurus members had the plates.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Main et al believe the plates helped individual members of Stegosaurus identify each other, like antelopes’ antlers do. The evidence is that not all species of Stegosaurus had the plates, ruling out a strictly thermoregulatory function.Scientists looked to modern animals such as deer, whose antlers also have large blood vessels. In this example, those blood vessels have nothing to do with heat transfer; rather, they enable rapid growth of the antlers. Dinosaurs, too, are thought to have been fast-growing animals.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Despite recent conclusions that Stegosaurus plates were for display, paleontologists don’t rule out the possibility of their having a secondary thermoregulatory role in some species.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Main’s findings were published in the April 2005 issue of Paleobiology.</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;">Read more at Suite101: </span></span><a href="http://rachel-beavins.suite101.com/the-function-of-stegosaurus-plates-a45414#ixzz1h0TTjTG6" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #003399; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">The Function of Stegosaurus Plates: Were dermal plates for defense, thermoregulation, or display? | Suite101.com</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px;"> </span></span><a href="http://rachel-beavins.suite101.com/the-function-of-stegosaurus-plates-a45414#ixzz1h0TTjTG6" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-style: none; border-right-width: 0px; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: 0px; color: #003399; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">http://rachel-beavins.suite101.com/the-function-of-stegosaurus-plates-a45414#ixzz1h0TTjTG6</a></span></div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-7270869756613946582011-12-19T06:22:00.000-08:002011-12-19T06:22:32.238-08:00Herrerasaurus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZiq9_emV1E-1motX6ZBD_PB-5S4v80q5q05Y0TDTf5xcaVXkE" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQZiq9_emV1E-1motX6ZBD_PB-5S4v80q5q05Y0TDTf5xcaVXkE" /></a><b>Herresaurus was one of the earliest dinosaurs. This dinosaur lived during the Middle Triassic Period in Argentina. The names Ischisaurus and Frenguellisaurus are synonymous with Herrerasaurus. The name of this carnivore means "Herrera's lizard". It was lightly built carnivore that was estimated 4-6 meters long and weighed about 400 kilos. The skull of this dinosaur was 56 centimeters long. It resembled skulls of more primitive archosaurus such as Euparkeria.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Herrerasaurus was one of the dominant theropods of the Late Triassic of South America. It probably captured small animals by ambush and surprise. Its prey included rhynchosaurs, thecodont reptiles, and other early dinosaurs. Herrerasaurus lived around 230 million years ago, when dinosaurs first appeared in the Triassic Period but were not yet dominant. These earliest dinosaurs were all small predators, like Coelophysis in North America. They competed with more powerful nondinosaur carnivores for food, including the rauisuchids, some of which were like huge crocodiles. Larger predators ate Herrerasaurus and other small dinosaurs.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8TfNIpk1NJ4ZyNEc-1kx3vsE6Xpx_vFPuFjGIEP31KSUJeqKIAw" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8TfNIpk1NJ4ZyNEc-1kx3vsE6Xpx_vFPuFjGIEP31KSUJeqKIAw" /></a><b>Herrerasaurus represents the roots of dinosaur evolution. It cannot be classified as either a Saurischia or Ornithischia. This early and very primitive dinosaur had four toes on its back feet. This separates it from other meat-eating dinosaurs, which had three toes. It was advanced in other ways, however. Its pelvis and vertebrae (back bones) were similar to the advanced theropods of the Jurassic and the Cretaceous Periods. </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The first Herrerasaurus fossil was found in 1958 by Don Victorino Herrera, a local rancher. Three partial skeletons have been found. The first Herrerasaurus skull wasn't found until 1988.</b></div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-54159671306561132842011-12-19T06:03:00.000-08:002011-12-19T06:19:20.578-08:00Eotyrannus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<a href="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Eotyrannus lived during the Middle Cretaceous period in England. This early tyrannosaurid was probably 4 meters long. But it is believed that it is only subadult or a juvenile. The adult possibly was even larger. I think the adult Eotyrannus was about 7-8 meters long. The name of this predator means "early tyrant", or "dawn tyrant".</b></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A 40-percent complete fossil was found in 1997 by Darren Naish. This predator was close relative to T-rex but it had the most unusual feature of all tyrannosaurids. It had the longest hands among all non-avian theropods (proportionally). Iguanodon and Hypsilophodon were also found in England. Eotyrannus probably preyed on them.</b></div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-48972803729853707632011-12-18T11:07:00.001-08:002011-12-18T11:07:58.418-08:00LOCH NESS MONSTER-LIKE ANIMAL FILMED IN ALASKA?!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A video from 2009 shows something mysterious moving across the surface of the sea that resembles an Alaskan version of the Loch Ness monster.<br /><br />Some are claiming that the animal is a "Cadborosaurus," a type of reptile or lizard that got its name from Cadboro Bay, in British Columbia. They say that what's in the video is a sea serpent that dwells in the North Pacific and possibly other regions.<br /><br />Accounts generally describe it as having a long neck, a horse-like head, large eyes, and back bumps that stick out of the water.<div>
<a href="http://news.discovery.com/animals/2011/07/18/sea-monster-278.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="sea monster" border="0" src="http://news.discovery.com/animals/2011/07/18/sea-monster-278.jpg" /></a><b><br /></b></div>
<div>
<b>Six Mysterious and Famous Cryptids</b><br /><br />The footage, shot by Alaskan fishermen in 2009, will make its public debut on "Hillstranded," a new Discovery Channel special that will air Tuesday evening at 10 p.m. E/P.<br /><br />"I am quite impressed with the video," Paul LeBlond, former head of the Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences at the University of British Columbia, told Discovery News. "Although it was shot under rainy circumstances in a bouncy ship, it's very genuine."</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
LeBlond, co-author of the book "Cadborosaurus: Survivor from the Deep," said the animal is "the least unlike a plesiosaur," referring to carnivorous marine reptiles thought to have gone extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period.<br /><br />Sightings of "Cadborosaurus" have been reported for ages. In 1937, a supposed body of the animal was found in the stomach of a whale captured by the Naden Harbour whaling station in the Queen Charlotte Islands, a British Columbia archipelago. Samples of the animal were brought to the Provincial Museum in Victoria, where curator Francis Kermode concluded they belonged to a fetal baleen whale.<br /><br />The animal's remains, however, later disappeared. James Wakelun, a worker at the whaling station, last year said that he had seen the creature's body and "it wasn't an unborn whale."<br /><br />Still, some throw caution to the sighting.<br /><br />"People are working off of sketchy lay observations," said Jim Covel, senior manager of guest experience at California's Monterey Bay Aquarium. "We do, however, still find new species in the oceans, perhaps allowing some to entertain ideas like this, filling in the gaps with their imaginations. But it really underscores how more scientific exploration is needed."<br /><br />Like other cryptids -- animals who some think exist, but which have not yet been recognized by scientific consensus -- "Cadborosaurus" has existed only in grainy photographs and eyewitness accounts.<br /><br />The 2009 video, therefore, "adds to its authentication," LeBlond said.<br /><br />While many have speculated that "Cadborosaurus" is actually a frill shark, a large eel, or some kind of fish, LeBlond countered that it cannot be a fish due to the way it moves.<br /><br />"It must be a mammal or a reptile, since it oscillates up and down in a vertical plain, which eliminates sideways-oscillating fish," he said.<br /><br />A possible new believer in "Cadborosaurus" is Andy Hillstrand of "Deadliest Catch" television show fame. He told Discovery News that he might have seen another one of the enigmatic animals while filming "Hillstranded," a new Discovery Channel special debuting tonight that features the 2009 footage.<br /><br />Hillstrand and his brother Johnathan traveled to sites in Alaska where Cadborosaurus has been spotted. Referring to one location, he said, "We saw a big, long white thing moving in the water. We chased it for about 20 minutes."<br /><br />"Spray came out of its head," he continued. "It was definitely not a shark. A giant eel may be possible, but eels don't have humps that all move in unison. I've never seen anything like it before."<br /><br />Hillstrand speculates that whales, following salmon, might be pushing the animals closer to shore and into the view of humans.<br /><br />While he understands the controversy and skepticism over such sightings and claims, Hillstrand believes the many fishermen who have reported seeing the animal "are not a bunch of fruitcakes. These are people who are familiar with the local marine life."<br /><br />In order for a cryptid to gain scientific credibility, more physical evidence must be obtained. LeBlond said, "We cannot go out in the ocean poking everywhere, but we are always on the lookout for new accounts."<br /><br /><b>Sea Monsters Real and Imagined</b><br /><br />Hillstrand, on the other hand, isn't ruling out another "Cadborosaurus"-related trip.<br /><br />"We live in Alaska, so we might investigate 'Cadborosaurus' again in future," he said. "We are always up for an adventure."</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-86160126522514494092011-12-18T11:05:00.001-08:002011-12-18T11:05:35.345-08:00Monster of a claim: Ogopogo caught on video<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
A man visiting British Columbia's Lake Okanagan last week claims to have captured video of Ogopogo, Canada's version of the Loch Ness Monster.<br />
<div class="hang customHtml x4" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 18px; margin-right: -165px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; position: relative; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline; width: 664px;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="375" scrolling="no" src="http://assets1b.msnbc.msn.com/rendering/document/45197891/Default/IFrame" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="650"></iframe></div>
<br /><br />According to a report in the Vancouver Sun, "An Okanagan man has video he says proves the <a href="http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/mythical-creatures-beasts-1412/3">Ogopogo </a>may be more than just a figment of our imagination. Richard Huls says he always believed in the possibility of the monster rumored to be living in Okanagan Lake. Last Thursday, while visiting a West Kelowna winery, Huls shot video that he believes proves something does indeed live in the water. 'It was not going with the waves,' Huls said. 'It was not a wave obviously, just a darker color. The size and the fact that they were not parallel with the waves made me think it had to be something else."<br /><br />Ogopogo, some believe, has its roots in native Canadian Indian legends that told of a beast called N'ha-a-itk that would demand a live sacrifice from travelers for safe passage across Lake Okanagan. Hundreds of years ago, whenever Indians would venture into the lake, they brought chickens or other small animals to kill and drop into the water to assure a protected journey. It's clear, however, that these stories were not referring to a literal lake monster but instead to a legendary water spirit, and are not historical evidence for Ogopogo.<br /><br />The lake has been searched before. A 1991 expedition financed by Japan's Nippon Television looked for the monster with high-tech devices, including a remotely-operated vehicle and a miniature submarine. The pilot took the vehicle to a depth of 840 feet along the lake bottom at the deepest part of the lake, but no Ogopogos were sighted, nor did the submarine discover any of the creatures' carcasses or bones. There remains no hard evidence of the monster, which is said to have a series of humps and a head resembling a snake, horse or bulldog. In fact, a great many sightings simply report a straight, featureless "log" that seemed to be floating in the waves.</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-35868696091775585142011-12-18T10:56:00.000-08:002011-12-18T10:56:27.712-08:00Mokele-Mbembe is alive... or not...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Today sees the publication of what is surely the century's most significant zoological discovery. After decades of searching, Africa's mystery Congolese swamp monster, the Mokele-Mbembe, has been discovered - it is a living sauropod dinosaur, and it radically alters our understanding of archosaur phylogeny, sauropod biology and diversity, and indeed the evolutionary process as a whole.<br />
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: -webkit-auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-discovery-montage-update-2-April-2011-490-px.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="322" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-discovery-montage-update-2-April-2011-490-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;" width="490" /></div>
As is fitting for the discovery of a brand new, extant, hitherto cryptic megabeast represented by complete carcasses, the Mokele-Mbembe - officially christened Chipekwe lackadaisicalus Brill et al., 2011 - is described in a two-page, 1000-word paper.<div id="more" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="MM-head-shot-Mar-2011.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="260" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/MM-head-shot-Mar-2011.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="317" /></div>
Previous expeditions to search for the Mokele-Mbembe have been unsuccessful, at most involving fleeting glimpses and indeterminate photos of the beast. A 2010 research effort based at Mazylacrony, Republic of the Congo, led by E. J. Brill of the University of Leiden, initially resulted in still-photo images obtained by camera-traps. Two of the better of these photos (one showing an adult in its aquatic habitat [above] and one showing a juvenile) are featured here (more camera-trap images are included below). Camera-trap data shows that Mokele-Mbembes are herbivores, and that (despite their size: upwards of 15 m) the females dig burrows in river-banks where they give birth to a single, slow-growing baby. All of the previously established ecological and behavioural traits (Mackal 1987, Heuvelmans 1995) of the Mokele-Mbembe are true. Oh, and Bakker was right about sauropods being viviparous. Huh.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-CT-scan-April-2011.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="263" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-CT-scan-April-2011.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="360" /></div>
<br /><br />Further exploration at Mazylacrony a week later resulted in the fortuitous discovery of not one, but two Mokele-Mbembe carcasses. I was lucky enough to participate in the expedition set up to retrieve information from the carcasses, and was joined by an elite international team of scientists and explorers including Rachael Allen of Saint Xavier University, Max Blake of the University of Bristol, Markus Bühler of the University of Tübingen, Andrea Cau of the Museo Geologico e Paleontologico "Giovanni Capellini", Roger Close of Monash University, Marcus Good, Phil Hore of Prehistoric Times, David Hubble of The Open University, Ted R. Kahn of the Neotropical Conservation Foundation, Bevin Kelley of Brown University, Hanneke Meijer and Jorge Moreno-Bernal of The Smithsonian Institution, Daniel Najib of St. John's University, Joy Reidenberg of Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Blake Smith of Kennesaw State University, and a shitload of others; jesus, the number of people involved became ridiculous after a while (for a complete list see the authorship on the paper).... oh, and Sean Young, the actress who played Rachel in Blade Runner - yeah, she came along as well.<br /><br />The two Mokele-Mbembe carcasses - representing an adult and juvenile - died in close association, perhaps due to lightning strike, perhaps due to ingestion of toxic algae, or perhaps due to the hail of gunfire put in their general direction by our research team. Their skulls were unfortunately lost during this "collection procedure". Despite the similarity of the animals to the stocky, fat-legged, rubber-necked brontosaurs depicted in Peter Jackson's King Kong, it was immediately obvious that they represented a new species of extant sauropod. [Images below show neck structure in juvenile specimen; read on].<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-neck-structures-Mar-2011-350-px.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="588" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-neck-structures-Mar-2011-350-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="350" /></div>
<br /><br />We were inspired in our quest for the Mokele-Mbembe by Jonathan Kingdon's book Island Africa (Kingdon 1990): after all, doesn't he say that little chunks of habitat in tropical Africa have remained unchanged since the Mesozoic?*. In discussing the cichlids of Lake Malawi, Kingdon noted that English-speaking scientists rightly acknowledged the names used for these fish by local people. We wanted to do the same for the Mokele-Mbembe, so officially named it the Mokele-Mbembe. We used one of many local names for the creature - Chipekwe - in the binomial.<br /><br />* He categorically and certainly did not, but let's not let the details get in the way.<br /><br />It was always predicted (Naish 2000, 2002) that - when the inevitable discovery of modern-day sauropods occurred - the cutting up of a dead one would pose great problems. The sheer size of such a beast renders dissection difficult, especially when (as is the case here) the animals had been decomposing in a humid, tropical environment. Remember that many aspects of whale and elephant anatomy remain controversial or scarcely known due to the practical difficulties associated with their dissection, and these animals are known from hundreds of specimens and have been the subject of scientific attention for centuries. In a desperate but text-book example of 'smash and grab' dissection, salient details were recorded or hastily ripped from the carcasses prior to the confiscation of our team's equipment and belongings by Congolese biologist and competing Mokele-Mbembe investigator Dr Aarcellin Magnagna and Danish author and scientist Dr Lars Thomas. We are pursuing legal action against these individuals.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-thorax-anatomy-Mar-2011-490-px.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="281" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-thorax-anatomy-Mar-2011-490-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;" width="490" /></div>
Due to the healthy bushmeat trade flourishing across tropical Africa we were, however, able to smuggle out part of the smaller individual (the thorax and neck) and later dissect them in the laboratory. Various of our dissection photos and resulting anatomical diagrams are shown here (for more, see the online supplementary info, currently of unknown whereabouts). We started by CT-scanning the carcass: one of the resultant images is shown above. As you can see from the dissection pics shown above, the dorsal surface of the ribcage exhibits the strongly corrugated morphology seen elsewhere in birds. An enlarged resonating chamber at the base of the neck indicates an ability to generate loud, low-frequency (possibly infrasonic) noises of the sort recorded by Herman Regusters during his 1981 expedition to Lake Tele. We were able to answer most of the questions people have posed about the soft-tissue anatomy of sauropod necks, but don't plan to publish them for a few decades, if at all.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Young-MM-verts-Mar-2011.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="238" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Young-MM-verts-Mar-2011.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="350" /></div>
<br /><br />As you can see from the adjacent image, the cervical vertebrae ofChipekwe are bizarre in being amphicoelous, rather than opisthocoelous as is typical for sauropod necks. Lacking the ball-and-socket joints of other sauropod vertebrae, it might be predicted that Mokele-Mbembe has a less flexible neck than Mesozoic sauropods, but this is not supported by compelling eyewitness accounts of Mokele-Mbembe behaviour. Sean Young is helpfully holding the vertebrae for the photo. Since she stars in both Dune and Blade Runner - where she plays the seductive replicant Rachel - her involvement in the 2010 expedition seemed only natural. She was brilliant in the field and proved a dab hand at fixing jeep axles and outboard motors. Did I mention that she played Rachel in Blade Runner?<br /><br />Phylotardation in extant sauropods<br /><br />The great surprise about the anatomy of these animals is that they are highly anachronistic- or phylotarded - compared to Mesozoic sauropods. In fact, Mokele-Mbembe more resembles artistic restorations of sauropods from the decades preceding the 1960s. The skin of Chipekwe lackadaisicalus is smooth and devoid of both the vertebral spines present in fossil diplodocoids and the dermal ossicles and spines present in titanosaurs. The articulated limb skeletons of Mesozoic sauropods, combined with many thousands of well-preserved trackways, show that these animals had <a href="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2008/10/the_hands_of_sauropods.php">columnar hands where the back of the hand was concave</a>. Claws were absent but for a single thumb claw, and even this was absent in many titanosaurs. Meanwhile, the oval feet had three (occasionally two, occasionally four) large, curved claws.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-pedal-anatomy-Mar-2011-490-px.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="171" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-pedal-anatomy-Mar-2011-490-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;" width="490" /></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In contrast, Chipekwe lackadaisicalus has huge, rounded, spreading, semi-plantigrade hands and feet, with four large claws on both [as is obvious in the image above of the larger Mazylacrony carcass]. And while osteological evidence shows that Mesozoic sauropods typically held their tails in a horizontal pose (or even with an elevated tail-base in some species), the tail of the Mokele-Mbembe slants down towards the ground in true, phylotarded fashion. The animal looks fat, rubbery, bulky, and altogether way less cool than those kickass sauropods shown kicking the shit out of unfortunate theropods, or rearing up bipedally to nibble at pine needles, or box with one another, or whatever. [Below: 'modern' sauropod rendition on the left from <a href="http://dontmesswithdinosaurs.com/?p=471">dontmesswithdinosaurs.com</a>; more realistic phylotarded version on right from Roy Mackal's classic, perceptive work A Living Dinosaur? In Search of Mokele-Mbembe<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;">].</span></span></div>
<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="sauropod-reconstructions-the-truth-thanks-to-mokele-mbembe-April-2011-490-px.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="335" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/sauropod-reconstructions-the-truth-thanks-to-mokele-mbembe-April-2011-490-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;" width="490" /></div>
Chipekwe preserves no evidence of feathers nor of a semi-lunate carpal bone in the wrist and therefore verifies previous observations based on the skin of the Cretaceous ceratopsian Psittacosaurus and ornithopod Edmontosaurus that such features were absent in dinosaurs (Lingham-Soliar 2008). It therefore makes a mockery of the Hollywood-inspired idea that dinosaurs had feathers, or evolved into birds. The 'birds are dinosaurs' movement is evidently kept alive by museum staff who need to remain employed, especially during these desperate economic times.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="phylotardocline-diagram-April-2011-reduced.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="371" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/phylotardocline-diagram-April-2011-reduced.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="360" /></div>
<br /><br />Several possibilities might account for the anatomic phylotardation present in this animal. The first - that our modern conception of Mesozoic sauropod anatomy is wrong, and that Zdeněk Burian was right on the money in 1955 - is unlikely to be correct, since it's generally admitted that, by now, we know what we're doing. I mean, come on, Greg Paul is far cleverer than Zdeněk Burian or Charles Knight. A second possibility is that the lineage including Chipekwe lackadaisicalus was subject to wholesale taxic atavism of the sort seen elsewhere in gharials (Gatesy et al. 2003). In other words, the animal's phenotype and, oh yeah, genotype have gone all atavistic on us: just what this means, if anything, for its essence/soul is uncertain, but we remain confident that, at its core, the animal is Mesozoicy. A third possibility is that the ACF (= aesthetic coolness factor) of the characters concerned is low, and hence subject to deletion during phylogeny. We didn't explore that last option since it would have meant adding an extra paragraph to our paper.<br /><br />Finding an extant member of a fossil group can really screw with your data<br /><br />The enormous amount of skeletal, soft tissue and genomic data available from the Mazylacrony carcasses allows the construction of a new, massive character database; the information we now have available for the analysis of sauropod phylogenetics has just increased one-hundred-fold. Brill et al. (2011) approached this situation in an entirely novel way.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Sereno-mega-cladogram-April-2011.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="285" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Sereno-mega-cladogram-April-2011.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="350" /></div>
<br /><br />As knowledge about organisms (modern and extinct) has increased, and as evolving software has allowed the rapid processing of ever-larger data sets, lists of characters and tabulations of character codings have grown and grown and grown. Many phylogeneticists now work with character lists that exceed or approach 1000 in number, and they've generated endless, boring pages of character states. This stuff is really, really boring, and - let me tell you - a real pain in the ass should you need to re-format it when re-submitting your rejected manuscript for another journal. While the phylogenetic analyses generated by these studies have produced well-resolved trees with good statistical support across nodes, and while independent teams of authors have increasingly converged on trees with similar topologies, it's been clear for, oh, a while now that things need to change: it's just all too complicated for anyone to keep track of [the adjacent image - from Sereno (1999) - shows a typical, run-of-the-mill, modern dinosaur cladogram. Do you realise how much work is involved in producing something like this?]. I mean, come on, there's no way any person could carry around all that information in their head and those tables of characters are just so boring.<br /><br />Brill et al. (2011) employ a new phylogenetic method termed mihaldification. Inspired by the pioneering work of the great palaeozoologist Dean-Pierre J'Amour, this technique incorporates hundreds of taxa, but requires that just two or three characters - or perhaps even just one - are tabulated for each group. The new mihaldified data generated for Archosauria by Brill et al. (2011) indicates rampant phylotardation across Archosauria and reveals a few surprises, including non-monophyly of Dinosauria, non-monophyly of Saurischia, non-monophyly of Ornithischia, non-monophyly of Theropoda, non-monophyly of Coelurosauria but - oh - monophyly of Prosauropoda [see newly generated mihaldigram shown below]. Sauropoda in the mihaldified data set falls obviously and neatly into a broad-toothed, camarasaurish clade and a narrow-toothed, diplodocish clade (though with cetiosaurs, turiasaurs, mamenchisaurs, most titanosaurs and most Triassic and Lower Jurassic taxa being of unresolved position). The approximately 6000 phylogenetic studies published on sauropods in recent years, virtually all of which find sauropod phylogeny to be far more complex than thought prior to the 1980s, were dispensed with following our 'safe citation deletion' protocol. We admit that we also opted to employ 'safe citation deletion' when reviewing the work of others; an action required in order that we establish the novelty of our assertions.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="mihaldified-archosaur-phylogram-Mar-2011-resized-490-px.jpg" class="mt-image-center" height="406" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/mihaldified-archosaur-phylogram-Mar-2011-resized-490-px.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; display: block; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;" width="490" /></div>
<br /><br />Anyone who's followed Mokele-Mbembe research will be familiar with the substantial creationist literature on this animal. Brave, plucky missionaries have done a sterling job in accurately collecting natural history data on this animal, and brilliant creation scientists have used the existence of the Mokele-Mbembe and other phylotards to poke holes in the increasingly weakly supported, flimsy, tissue-like tattered shred of a once-dreamt notion that is Mr Darwin's theory of Darwinian evolution.<br /><br />So - does the existence of the Mokele-Mbembe verify one of the core creationist beliefs? Namely, that the very existence of such creatures nullifies the hundreds of independent, repeatable, testable, technically published, peer-reviewed observations and hypotheses that provide irrefutable support for evolutionary theory? Yes, it does. The existence of a kind of animal belonging to a group otherwise thought long-extinct demonstrates beyond question that evolution does not and cannot happen. The existence of sharks, crocodilians, lizards, frogs, salamanders, bats, ostriches, hoatzins, shellfish, coelacanths, crayfish, bush-babies, owls, pandas, the Okapi, moles, clouded leopards, ducks, monitor lizards, invertebrates, the Spangled drongo, the Brown antechinus, coelacanths, coelacanths, coelacanths, sharks, crocodilians, sharks, crocodilians, coelacanths, sharks, crocodilians and humans and coelacanths also provides damning evidence that animals known from the fossil record are more or less similar to the animals of today, and hence that living things do not change - or evolve - over generations, though obviously they do, quite a lot, if not loads, but not enough for us to worry about. Indeed this one single discovery has already sent ripples of shock and awe through the scientific community. "I guess we'll have to go back to the drawing board - looks like the creationists were right after all!", said noted phylogeneticist Dr Filo Genetissust.<div style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Verdana, Geneva, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 18px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<img alt="Chipekwe-camera-trap-image-inspires-destruction-of-palaeontological-literature-April-2011.jpg" class="mt-image-left" height="738" src="http://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/Chipekwe-camera-trap-image-inspires-destruction-of-palaeontological-literature-April-2011.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; float: left; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;" width="300" /></div>
<br /><br />But - I hear you cry - how is the over-arching philosophy of scientific creationism consistent with our proposal of phylotardation? After all, scientific creationism (or intelligent design) proposes that living things sprung into existence by magic, not via some sort of process whereby heritable features, affected by external selection pressures, are passed down through the generations. The answer lies inretardosity, a previously overlooked phenomenon that works well when applied to mihaldified data sets. Using the repeatable procedure known as reliable inference, we found that phylotarded taxa could both spring into existence by magic and be linked to others by way of a mihaldified analysis involving single characters. The resultant clades evidently correspond to thebaramins defined with clarity in archaic sources.<br /><br />So it's thanks to mihaldification, retardosity and creationism that we have finally ushered in a new age of enlightenment. As soon as our paper on the Mokele-Mbembe came out, I went and held a big bonfire of all my pro-evilution books. Of course, some of our colleagues say that the existence of Chipekwe lackadaisicalus is perfectly consistent with evolution and existing phylogenetic schemes published for Sauropoda, but, well, yeah, blah blah blah.</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-29193830882542915482011-12-18T10:51:00.001-08:002011-12-18T10:51:17.884-08:00Cartoon about why dinosaurs are under the ground<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img height="429" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRKd2FHH2JaR1ZWrz30cL4k4gjJ_2dubg6OnEBdLFN8KspKc15Flw" width="640" /></div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-58803579275303152552011-12-18T10:49:00.000-08:002011-12-18T10:49:28.101-08:00T-rex on a leash<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img height="407" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTcujWy9H-SVpEqeuHmRnrHmgXEHiqpWhMOpGFEv8y_T1O1ZLH_KA" width="640" /></div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-86403622011674272492011-12-18T10:47:00.000-08:002011-12-18T10:47:41.109-08:00Cartoon about size comparison<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<img height="512" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTlKjqCQazBdlBFIziHVFasMbtTgioyOe4j958JcvFDU2r0gJdbIA" width="640" /></div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-56081935119381644382011-12-18T10:46:00.000-08:002011-12-18T10:46:03.357-08:00Pristine reptile fossil holds new information about aquatic adaptations<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1NtzOvkncEy8kfe3ySEQKO97fn-eEiLJ5yedZ5TRB45w4pPh57w" /></div>
<br />
<div>
</div>
Extinct animals hide their secrets well, but an exceptionally well-preserved fossil of an aquatic reptile, with traces of soft tissue present, is providing scientists a new window into the behavior of these ancient swimmers. According to the study published in PLoS ONE's Nov. 16 issue, the fossil, characterized by a team led by Johan Lindgren of Lund University in Sweden, is from the mosasaur family, a group of reptiles that lived between 65 and 98 million years ago.<br /><br />The fossil was found in Western Kansas, and was submerged under a shallow sea at the time of the mosasaur's existence. Previous analysis of mosasaur locomotion had been limited by a lack of soft tissue fossils, which was crucial for the scientists to truly understand the degree of aquatic adaptation that the creature had achieved. The new findings, which include scales and skin impressions, suggest that the mosasaur was able to minimize its frictional drag in the water. Additional features suggest that it held the front of its body somewhat rigid during swimming, leading it to depend on the rear of its body and tail for propulsion.<br /><br />According to Dr. Lindgren, this study provides "unique insights into the biology of an extinct group of marine lizards that became adapted to aquatic environments in a fashion similar to that of the preceding ichthyosaurs ('fish-lizards') and succeeding whales." Thus, these results may have implications for understanding how this group ultimately transformed from land-dwellers to pelagic cruisers in a relatively short period of geological time.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSVbkcS4EwqkVQk8r5oK19lQ69Eae3JQpnW7wd8CbpXzK7izn5n" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSVbkcS4EwqkVQk8r5oK19lQ69Eae3JQpnW7wd8CbpXzK7izn5n" /></a></div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-47155564213032991772011-12-18T10:40:00.000-08:002011-12-18T10:40:44.238-08:00Massive volcanoes, meteorite impacts delivered one-two death punch to dinosaurs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668560.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Princeton University researchers found that massive, prolonged eruptions of the Deccan Traps in India gradually eliminated species and resulted in the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Marine sediment trapped between Deccan lava flows revealed that a species known as planktonic foraminifera -- widely used to gauge the severity of prehistoric disasters -- succumbed to lava mega-flows and volcano-induced environmental stress such as acid rain and drastic climate changes. As conditions on Earth worsened, large, variedspecies (left) were eliminated. The no more than seven or eight smaller species (right) that remained dwarfed further." border="0" src="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668560.jpg" style="text-align: -webkit-auto;" /></a>A cosmic one-two punch of colossal volcanic eruptions and meteorite strikes likely caused the mass-extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period that is famous for killing the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, according to two Princeton University reports that reject the prevailing theory that the extinction was caused by a single large meteorite. Princeton-led researchers found that a trail of dead plankton spanning half a million years provides a timeline that links the mass extinction to large-scale eruptions of the Deccan Traps, a primeval volcanic range in western India that was once three-times larger than France. A second Princeton-based group uncovered traces of a meteorite close to the Deccan Traps that may have been one of a series to strike Earth around the time of the mass extinction, possibly wiping out the few species that remained after thousands of years of volcanic activity.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668561.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Once three-times larger than France, the Deccan Traps were a primeval volcanic range in western India that pumped Earth's atmosphere full of climate-altering carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide at the end of the Cretaceous period. Princeton researchers analyzed sediment trapped in Deccan lava flows -- the largest flows on Earth -- near Rajahmundry in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, the remnant of an ancient sea on the Bay of Bengal coast." border="0" src="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668561.jpg" /></a>Researchers led by Princeton Professor of Geosciences Gerta Keller report this month in the Journal of the Geological Society of Indiathat marine sediments from Deccan lava flows show that the population of a plankton species widely used to gauge the fallout of prehistoric catastrophes plummeted nearly 100 percent in the thousands of years leading up to the mass extinction. This eradication occurred in sync with the largest eruption phase of the Deccan Traps -- the second of three -- when the volcanoes pumped the atmosphere full of climate-altering carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, the researchers report. The less severe third phase of Deccan activity kept Earth nearly uninhabitable for the next 500,000 years, the researchers report. A substantially weaker first phase occurred roughly 2.5 million years before the second-phase eruptions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668562.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="In the past several years, improved dating technology has allowed geologists to identify three distinct phases of Deccan volcanism. The first and weakest began roughly 67.5 million years ago. The second and largest phase accounted for 80 percent of the total volcanism and produced the largest lava flows in Earth's history (represented by vertical black bars). Princeton researchers found that thisactivity wiped out nearly 100 percent of planktonic foraminifera and ultimately initiated the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass-extinction event. They further reported that a less severe third eruption phase occurred roughly 300,000 years after the mass extinction and kept the Earth nearly uninhabitable for another half-million years." border="0" src="http://esciencenews.com/files/imagecache/image_medium/images/201111175668562.jpg" /></a>Princeton University researchers found that massive, prolonged eruptions of the Deccan Traps in India gradually eliminated species and resulted in the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Marine sediment trapped between Deccan lava flows revealed that a species known as planktonic foraminifera -- widely used to gauge the severity of prehistoric disasters -- succumbed to lava mega-flows and volcano-induced environmental stress such as acid rain and drastic climate changes. As conditions on Earth worsened, large, variedspecies (left) were eliminated. The no more than seven or eight smaller species (right) that remained dwarfed further. (Image courtesy of Gerta Keller)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another group based in Keller's lab found evidence in Indian sediment of a meteorite strike from the time of the mass extinction that would have been sufficient to finish off the few but weakened species that survived the Deccan eruptions, according to a report in the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) in October. This same sediment -- located in Meghalaya, India, more than 600 miles east of the Deccan Traps -- portrayed Earth during this period as a harsh environment of acid rain and erratic global temperatures.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Taken together, Keller said, the Princeton findings could finally put to rest the theory that the mass-extinction event -- known as the Cretaceous-Tertiary, or KT, for the periods it straddles -- was triggered solely by a large meteorite impact near Chicxulub in present-day Mexico. That impact -- which occurred around the time of the second-phase Deccan eruptions -- is thought to have been 2 million times more powerful than a hydrogen bomb and generated an enormous dust cloud and gases that radically altered the climate. Keller has long held that the Chicxulub impact was not catastrophic enough to cause the KT mass extinction -- the newest work from her lab, however, shows that the largest Deccan eruptions were.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"Our work in Meghalaya and the Deccan Traps provides the first one-to-one correlation between the mass extinction and Deccan volcanism," said Keller, who is lead author of the Geological Society paper and second author of the EPSL paper after lead author Brian Gertsch, who earned his Ph.D. from Princeton in 2010. Gertsch is now a postdoctoral researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"We demonstrate a clear cause-and-effect relationship that these massive volcanic eruptions were far more destructive than previously thought and could have caused the KT mass extinction even without the addition of large meteorite impacts," Keller said. "But given the environmental instability caused by the massive Deccan eruptions, an impact could easily have killed off the few survivor species at the end of the Cretaceous. It would have been a double whammy."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Vincent Courtillot, a geophysicist and professor at Paris University Diderot, said that the Princeton papers are based on a closer examination of Deccan volcanism and its aftermath than has been conducted previously. As such, he said, the researchers' "impressive analysis" confirms the timing of the Deccan eruptions and environmental fallout reported in recent years by various research teams, including his own.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Courtillot, who is familiar with the Princeton work but had no role in it, led the team that reported in the Journal of Geophysical Research in 2009 that Deccan volcanism occurred in three phases, the second and largest of which coincides with the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction; the Keller-led study published in the Journal of the Geological Society of India confirms the second and third phases, he said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The significance of this recent work is that the analysis was conducted in important sections near the volcanic action, and not thousands of kilometers away as had been the case previously," Courtillot said. "They provide support for the idea that carbon and sulfur dioxide emissions were the principal agents of environmental change and stress, and conclude that the characteristics of the second-phase eruptions were such that it could alone have caused the mass extinction."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In addition, Courtillot said, the approach the teams used could prove valuable to understanding the part volcanoes played in other extinction events in Earth's history. "Exceptional, massive volcanism, I am now quite sure, is the general cause of mass extinctions," he said. "But in order to be considered as proven and quantitatively explained, we need the kind of extensive, detailed work described by these teams to be conducted for all other extinctions."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The case for Deccan over the Chicxulub impact as the cause of the KT extinction</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Keller is prominent among scientists who reject the Chicxulub impact's role in the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. She is well known for leading a team of researchers who announced in 2003 that a sediment core from the Chicxulub crater revealed that the impact predated the mass-extinction event by about 300,000 years.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Keller and her co-authors published their findings in the journalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 2004 and suggested that the Chicxulub meteorite was instead one of several meteorite strikes that occurred in the several hundred thousand years leading up to the mass-extinction event. They concluded that while destructive, the Chicxulub impact was not powerful enough to have caused widespread annihilation. Keller and her collaborators have since supported these findings with additional evidence from Texas and northeastern Mexico published in EPSL in 2007 and the Journal of the Geological Society of London in 2009, respectively.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Keller has joined other scientists in focusing her research on the 30-year-old idea first championed by Virginia Tech geologist Dewey McLean that Deccan volcanism was the root of the Cretaceous mass extinction. Until recently, the theory was in question because the eruptions were thought to have been stretched out over a period of more than 1 million years, leaving plenty of time for Earth to recover between eruptions, Keller said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Improved dating technology, however, allowed scientists -- particularly the team led by Courtillot -- to narrow the time of the largest eruptions to a few hundred thousand years at the end of the Cretaceous. Known as Deccan phase-2, this period accounted for 80 percent of the total volcanism. The first and weakest phase of activity occurred about 67.5 million years ago; the third and final eruption phase began about 300,000 years after the KT mass extinction.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In 2008, Keller and her team reported in EPSL the first direct link that the KT extinction coincided with the end of the second phase of Deccan eruptions. She explained that marine sediments preserved between lava flows from the second- and third-phase eruptions contained evidence of the KT boundary, a thin, worldwide geological layer that marks the mass-extinction event.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Deccan volcanism behind the mass extinction, so say the plankton</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The work published Nov. 1 by the Geological Society of India builds on Keller's 2008 paper in EPSL. She and her co-authors examined cores from Deccan lava flows near Rajahmundry in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, the remnant of an ancient sea on the Bay of Bengal coast, and found that lava flows from the second and third Deccan phases are separated by marine sediments.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Keller worked with P.K. Bhowmick, H. Upadhyay, A. Dave, A.N. Reddy and B.C. Jaiprakash, scientists with India's government-operated Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, which owns the sediment cores. Also included is Thierry Adatte, a geologist with the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, who is Keller's long-time collaborator and a co-author on the papers challenging the time of the Chicxulub impact, as well as previous papers on Deccan volcanism.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The team examined the basin's sediment layers to determine the size and number of a species known as planktonic foraminifera that remained following each eruption phase. These plankton are single-celled micro-organisms ranging in size from the point of a needle to a pinhead that are highly sensitive to changes in oxygen, salinity, temperature and nutrients, Keller said. Their sensitivity to environmental changes and their near extinction at the end of the Cretaceous makes the species key to determining the timespan, pace and severity of the mass extinction.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After studying microplankton remains in sediment from below, between and above the second-phase lava flows, the researchers observed that the number of living species dropped 50 percent at the onset of eruptions. The species count plunged by another 50 percent after the first of what would be four lava mega-flows. No more than seven to eight of the species that were most tolerant to environmental changes survived after the first mega-flow, and no recovery occurred between subsequent mega-flows. By the end of the fourth mega-flow the mass extinction was complete, the researchers wrote.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The vast amounts of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide poured into the atmosphere by the end of the second volcanic phase -- estimated to be 30-times more than the levels produced by the Chicxulub impact -- resulted in, among other crises, heavy acid rain, acidic oceans and global temperatures that swung between scorching and frigid, the researchers report. The third eruption phase prolonged these conditions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Thus, the number of species evolving remained low, and existing species dwarfed during the 500,000-year period after the mass extinction, although no significant extinctions occurred again, Keller and her co-authors found. New, larger marine species did not appear until after the third phase when Deccan eruptions went dormant, suggesting that life began to recover as the atmosphere became less poisonous.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"In my work, I had always observed evidence of marked changes in species abundance with gradually higher levels of stress and extinction during the last several hundred thousand years, rather than one single instantaneous annihilation," Keller said. "For lack of better evidence, scientists had interpreted this steady decline as the result of climate and sea-level changes."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Evidence that a large meteorite helped finish the job</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the paper published Oct. 15 in EPSL, Keller and her co-authors provide a supporting and more nuanced depiction of conditions during the Deccan period. They examined sediments from an ancient shallow sea in Meghalaya where rock layers are known to contain among the clearest fossil records of the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, Keller said. She worked with lead author Gertsch; the geologist Adatte; Rahul Garg and Vandana Prasad from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany in India; Zolt Berner from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany; and Dominik Fleitmann at the University of Bern in Switzerland.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Analysis of the Meghalaya sediment revealed an inhospitable planet rife with high humidity, severe storms and massive blooms of the plankton species Guembelitria cretacea, a disaster opportunist that flourished in devastated environments when few other species survived.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the same time, the team detected large amounts of iridium, an element typically associated with meteorite impacts, Keller said. Iridium is rare on Earth yet is found in high concentrations in the KT boundary, a phenomenon known as the iridium anomaly. Remnants of iridium at the KT boundary in Meghalaya coincide with the global KT boundary iridium anomaly, she said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The new evidence of a meteorite strike at Meghalaya that coincides with the KT mass extinction supports the theory Keller proffered in 2003 that multiple meteorites struck Earth around the time of the Deccan eruptions, adding to the volcano-fueled misery of the mass-extinction era.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"Our data suggest that the mass extinction of the dinosaurs and other species was caused by the harsh conditions resulting from massive Deccan eruptions and the coincidence of multiple meteorites," Keller said. "In light of this new evidence, the single-impact story seems more like an article of faith at this point."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The study published in the Journal of the Geological Society of Indiaabout the Deccan eruption and the meteorite research published in EPSL were both supported by grants from the National Science Foundation.</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-17004292716599753022011-12-18T10:35:00.001-08:002011-12-18T10:35:57.176-08:0066-million-year-old dinosaur skeleton found in Saskatchewan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div>
<img alt="Darren Bernhardt/Postmedia News" src="http://nationalpostnews.files.wordpress.com/2011/11/dino.jpg?w=620" /></div>
Research confirms that a partial skeleton discovered in Saskatchewan is a new species of plant-eating dinosaur, the provincial government announced Monday.<br /><br />The new species has been named Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis, after Saskatchewan’s historic District of Assiniboia in which it was found.<br /><br />The 66-million-year-old specimen was collected from the Frenchman River Valley near Eastend, Sask., in 1968 by an employee of the Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, which is now the Royal Saskatchewan Museum.<br /><br />Nearly 40 years after it was collected, the specimen was studied and identified as a new species as part of a Masters thesis by a student at the University of Calgary and a supervisor and co-author. The new species is described in the December edition of the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.<div>
<br /></div>
Although similar species have been found south of the border, Thescelosaurus assiniboiensis has a number of unique traits that distinguish it from its relatives. It lived alongside Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops at the very end of the age of dinosaurs and is notable for its small size.<br /><br />The dinosaur’s partial skeleton can be seen at the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend (www.trexcentre.ca) and an exact cast is on display at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum in Regina (www.royalsaskmuseum.ca).</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-58663281995411054582011-12-18T06:58:00.000-08:002011-12-18T06:58:25.525-08:00BIG QUESTION FOR 2012: WILL WE CREATE A DINOSAUR FROM A CHICKEN?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em;"><img alt="Dino-chicken-622x505" src="http://blogs.discovery.com/.a/6a00d8341bf67c53ef01675ed7a8f6970b-640wi" /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.3em;">C</span></span>ould 2012 be the year of Chickenosaurus, the first dinosaur to live in modern times?<br /><br />You might recall our story from a few years ago, describing what was then referred to as "Dinochicken." To recap, Jack Horner, curator of paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies, told me that he and some colleagues were working to create a dinosaur out of a chicken.<br /><br />THE BIG QUESTIONS FOR 2012<br /><br /><br />The goal is to bring back multiple dinosaur characteristics, such as a tail, teeth and forearms, by changing the levels of regulatory proteins that have evolved to suppress these characteristics in modern birds.<br /><br />"Birds are dinosaurs, so technically we're making a dinosaur out of a dinosaur," Horner explained to me. "The only reason we're using chickens, instead of some other bird, is that the chicken genome has been mapped, and chickens have already been exhaustively studied."<br /><br />The timing of this announcement coincided with the release of Horner's book, "How to Build a Dinosaur: Extinction Doesn't Have to Be Forever" (Dutton Adult, 2009). He suggested to me then that he and some colleagues, such as Hans Larsson of McGill University in Montreal, were already moving forward with the project.<br /><br />Laarson and his team are analyzing the genes involved in tail development and researching ways of manipulating chicken embryos in order to "awaken the dinosaur within."<br /><br />So how far ahead are they with the project now? Horner isn't revealing, but he continues to share that he and his colleagues are actively working on the needed steps. I think he wants the result to be complete, and not just a chicken with a dino-like tail, for example.<br /><br />NEWS: Everything You Want To Know About Dinosaurs<br /><br />Horner told me that when Chickenosaurus is created, he looks forward to bringing it out on a leash during lectures.<br /><br />"We're always looking for novel ways to get the general public interested in science," he said, "and you have to admit, it would be better than a slide show for demonstrating evolution."</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-2734877459720458552011-12-17T07:22:00.001-08:002011-12-17T07:22:53.459-08:00Dinosaur Tracks Confirmed at Nevada’s Red Rock Canyon NCA<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) paleontologists have confirmed fossilized tracks (footprints) made 180 to 190 million years ago in sandstone within Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area near Las Vegas, Nevada. This is the first documented dinosaur tracksite in Nevada, experts said.<br />
<br />
<br />
Dubbed the Red Rock Tracksite, dozens of tracks from the Early Jurassic period have currently been documented.<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.oldwestnewwest.com/images/stories/stories2/dinosaur_tracks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="dinosaur_tracks" border="0" src="http://www.oldwestnewwest.com/images/stories/stories2/dinosaur_tracks.jpg" /></a>
<li>At this point, two types of tracks and trackways are recognized from the site:</li>
<li>Grallator tracks are footprints made by small theropod dinosaurs (two-legged, three-toed, meat-eating dinosaurs)</li>
<li>Octopodichnus tracks are footprints made by arthropods (possibly similar to modern spiders and scorpions)</li>
<li>Because of the fragile nature of fossils such as these, the specific location of the Red Rock Tracksite is not being released at this time, BLM officials said.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
BLM will partner with researchers to collect more data and further research the tracksite as well as create a monitoring plan and management plan.<br />
<br />
<br />
An interpretive display about the Red Rock Tracksite will soon be available at the visitor center and more information will also be posted on the BLM website.<br />
<br />
<br />
The tracksite was discovered by Red Rock visitors. Many significant discoveries are made by the public who work with public land managers and professional paleontologists to discover, record and preserve paleontological resources on public lands.<br />
<br />
<br />
If you discover tracks or trackways at Red Rock Canyon, visitors are asked to call (702) 515-5350 as soon as possible and provide information about location and photographs.<br />
<br />
<br />
BLM officials asked the public to help protect paleontological sites. It is illegal to dig, remove, or collect vertebrate fossils without a permit. Never take molds or castings, or apply anything to fossils including trackways. Never drive over, walk on or sit on fossils.<br />
<br />
<br />
The BLM manages more land - over 245 million acres - than any other federal agency. This land, known as the National System of Public Lands, is primarily located in 12 Western states, including Alaska. <br />
<br />
<br />
The bureau, with a budget of about $1 billion, also administers 700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate throughout the nation. The BLM's multiple-use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. <br />
<br />
<br />
The bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands.</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-83117765377011706572011-12-17T07:21:00.000-08:002011-12-17T07:21:13.618-08:00Saur-ing spirits<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A mosasaur -- a huge, extinct reptile that swam in the sea that flowed through the middle of North American some 80 million years ago and discovered last summer by Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre scientists, is being called one of the most significant fossil finds ever unearthed in Manitoba.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://media.winnipegfreepress.com/images/240*181/3640271.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Summer students Shawnee Holmes and Lisa Burnett on a dig with CFDC curator Anita-Maria Janzic." border="0" height="302" src="http://media.winnipegfreepress.com/images/240*181/3640271.jpg" width="400" /></a>"It's the biggest discovery in terms of a scientific perspective in recent years," said Joseph Hatcher, a paleontologist with the centre in Morden, 130 kilometres southwest of Winnipeg, who calls mosasaurs the "T-Rex of the Cretaceous sea."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"This is the front line of paleontology," Hatcher said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"As a researcher, it's important not because of what it is, but because of where it is in the stratigraphy of the escarpment. This is providing us with new insight into that ancient period of time. It's a pretty big deal for the scientific community.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"It's exciting because we're producing live science."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
He said the find, which has not yet been fully unearthed, has tremendous implications for mosasaur bio-geography (how an animal's evolution is charted around the world) and paleo-ecology (the environment in which a prehistoric animal lived and the relationship of that animal to other extinct creatures).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
On a sunny Saturday this fall, wildlife biologist Robert Wrigley and avid amateur paleontologist Andrew Fallak set out on a fossil-finding hike along the Pembina River, which snakes its way through a picturesque Badlands-like valley.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The river provides an environment for material to be collected, preserved and sorted by the water action," said Wrigley, a longtime fossil collector and former director at the Manitoba Museum.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
With their heads down, they scoured the shoreline and gravel sandbars for remains of ancient bison and other long-gone species from modern and ancient eras.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
As their hunt progressed back in paleontological time, Wrigley's experienced eye spotted a plesiosaur vertebra, a 460-million-year-old coral and a piece of petrified wood among a scattering of smooth pebbles.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Their collection mounted throughout the day and included parts of three bison skulls with attached horn cores, an enormous elk antler and many bison teeth, which Fallak estimated at between 500 to 12,000 years old.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
They also picked up a projectile point and a reworked flake tool -- both destined for local museums -- which may date back thousands of years to the time of Paleo-Indians, the ancestors of modern First Nations people.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The Pembina River is continually eroding the valley, and fossils are always being washed out of the banks and onto the gravel beds below," Wrigley said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"What we see is a wonderful panorama of millions of life forms that have lived in Manitoba over several billion years -- a whole succession of plant and animal communities."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Other former ferocious giants of the deep have also been discovered in the region, including Xiphactinus, a six-metre-long, jut-toothed predatory fish, plump-bodied, long-necked plesiosaurs and several other types of Cretaceous-era marine creatures. The western shoreline of the Cretaceous western interior seaway, in western North Dakota and Montana, was the habitat of duck-billed dinosaurs, Triceratops and Tyrannosaurs.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The largest mosasaur in Canada, 13 metres long and nicknamed Bruce, was unearthed over a two-year period north of Thornhill, Man., in 1974. Bruce now hangs in a threatening, tail-twisting swimming pose from the ceiling of a special gallery at the fossil discovery centre.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
With its hills, "mountains" and rock outcrops, the 675-kilometre Manitoba Escarpment may be the province's most distinctive geological feature. The materials exposed in the escarpment originated more than 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous period, long before glaciers invaded the Red River lowlands, Hatcher said.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But the modern configuration of the Manitoba Escarpment is due to pre-glacial river activity, the glaciations of the great Ice Age and more recent river erosion and lakeshore development, he explained.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When the glaciers began melting around 11,000 BC, the adjacent lowlands filled with the melt waters of the expanding glacial Lake Agassiz.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
That enormous body of water lasted about 5,000 years and formed western shorelines along the escarpment. Today, those stony shores are filled with the bones and fossilized remains of many types of fauna, flora and other artifacts from the Cretaceous period and more recent ages, geologically speaking.</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-41608357191349679562011-12-17T07:19:00.000-08:002011-12-17T07:19:24.671-08:00"Suzy" The Mosasaur Joins CFDC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRL9q6VfLRPIB-EYX7iftUpOpsVip-Q0NjeMAQH-MrIlDGO0Erk" /></div>
<br />
Morden's Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre recently unveiled the latest addition to its exhibits, a new Mosasaur skull replica.<br /><br />Affectionately known as Suzy, the new Mosasaur skull replica comes from a Tylosaurus specimen unearthed in 1977 from a bentonite mine near Thornhill.<br /><br />Paleontologist Joseph Hatcher says because the fossil had not been prepared in the museum lab, no one really knew its full significance until it was rediscovered as part of the centre's Conservation Initiative Project.<br /><br />"While examining the CFDC fossil collection to identify critical specimens for conservation intervention as part of the Conservation Initiative Project funded by the Museums Assistance Program, I came across this exciting Tylosaurus specimen which needed to be cleaned and stabilized," says Hatcher.<br /><br />"I soon realized that although the specimen had been collected in the 1970’s during the heyday of bentonite mining in the Pembina Hills, the fossils still remained largely unprepared and still in their original plaster jackets, which had begun to disintegrate." <br /><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBhQSEBUUEhQVFRUWFxQYFRgYFxUWFxYXFRQVFxgXFBUXHSYeFxkkGRQVHy8gIycpLCwsFh4xNTAqNSYrLCoBCQoKDgwOGg8PGiokHyQsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCwsLCksLCwsLCwsLP/AABEIALEBHQMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAAABwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAUGBwj/xABEEAACAQIEAwUFAwoFAwUBAAABAhEAAwQSITEFQVEGEyJhgQdxkaGxMkLRFCMzUmJygrLB8BWSouHxJEPSFzRzo7Nj/8QAGQEAAwEBAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAECAwQF/8QAKREAAgIBAwIFBQEBAAAAAAAAAAECEQMSITEEQRMiUWFxMoGRscGhBf/aAAwDAQACEQMRAD8AzWG4VlUncmPkfdSjwdnaSZIAEQwETIO3lVHZ4cjKT3e2v2jzPL50y1q0s+EwCB8fWuLHpi/KdGWMpLzF7d4WW0DL85+EUWOwxdkIKwhBYkkToBppVatm0pkg/GixeAtjLuQ5WNdgRNHlUk2NKWl0aGy5thssGdNOmh+gqMDAUtEb6c51n++lRLqEiEuPoNPEdBtpUDheG8fxHwcg+nhquolcfcrAqa9DccOvifLMv1H4VowfH6/h+FZbA4TKDH7J9RM1pBbOf1/GvF1O2ds0jQ8C/Qr6/U1ZgVD4FZAtCZ3b+Y1YMsGeVe1HhHlyW4q3TgpoUYFaIQ8BRrTYalq5qhDqmlTSFejAoEKBpVJFGKYhU0oUQFHFAgwaXSKOaYhU0JpM0KYCqMUQpVAgUU0Vy4FEsQB1JAHxNUnEe22Es73Q56J4/iRoPjTGXtCaxmI9ouh7uwW6S6ifgD9az972i45nyqlu2NSSFzR0XUmffSsaTOpmirk6e2B7N2L2W4uk5RlbX9WNCfI11W3czKDqJAMEQRImCDsfKnYmqFTRE0DQpkiSKKKUaSaBnmrhxzZl1+ydyD8KjcTwuRVYTmnTQEGOoNScCGzfZOzU3eS6QpCEwRBJOm06V5mF+f7Hp5k9O3qRr+JukalY5+BJPy2qXxL9HabyT6GpuMv4nLO/vA/CnMdiL3c2pVSYSfzanr5UZNnH5CFtSK/h7gMwzhpDaAGeUbilYfQetz/9XpvDsTfJMDwmQAAOXIe6nLCEggaEtcg7/ebr50Z5bv7F9OvKvuWnBrt43yTPdFNvDAIAjzzTOtb1FOfbmKyfDcK0bbf81tBv8P6V50pps1kqLzgZ/N+rfzGrBxpVXwAfm/4m/mNWTNXsQdxR5suWJWlikhDSshrVECtKNaRRirEP2zSzTNs05NFALFGDQA0mkG4FEsQB1JAHxNBI7RzWf4r24wlgHPdUx0Ij4mAfSazDe14OGaxYa5bWZcK7KI3loAphR0iks4AkkAeelcave2i7cYKgW1mMAsAFB6kwxira/wBkeJYs5r+LyoQNEAIA3kMxHxC0cchRvcX2nwtoEvftgD9qfpWT4v7aMHabLbJut5TH+kGqV+yPC8P/AO4uHEP0JNySek+AfCoz4hTC2La2kkABQBlHUlQPlFMKRap7UMTdJNuz3aRpnRgWnmuYGefTaoeM7eY1tmuqP2Et/wAxplMIUQbMSTMzPWcxOs+flUm9gQFLLEiCBO5PLadKewaShxPGblx2Nxb582DMZ8hO1WeEwzMgYZwDBhlUHfSQdY+dPLcCoGfKsxoCD1iWI56/0qr492pKzbtpDDdiJjnIB29aLQ1Fltfe3bQhySYJ31PMkf7Vh+J8e7z9GwhojXbfeYmSY9Ke4fxUrm7xS5fd2GaJnfWT7vfV52X9ki4vCvdd20dlULAIygawQZnMNNNqpNJWFGY4HwrE2nt41LCYhUYtlJzaoSCWtgySCJAE7Axyr0J2U7RJjsJbxKDKHBlZnKykqyzz1Bg8wQa597POGXbOKvYLEao1s3UcAwXRrad4v6pYNDLO6+p6jw3hduyhW0oUFmdgBALuZZo5SdaV9vwS0PRQIp3u6IpQTQyRRRTmWiy0gPOo43cFwpIymdINFhuKlYLkjbTIxHxFRFvBrusxPKrduH4OJXFXF9+Ya+4V48F5rZ682qoRiu0tthqY9yv/AONRuK8TPdIUMrpBiNM3Q05cwNg7Y1vg5/rUfi6gWQFfvANmI1PiG81eWnXyRj7/AASlxdsgkBu8/chfPUiomHvt4h0duQ8j/WnyFC+G85MfZ+6dKZwN5u8dejiP4kT8KnPy/j+mnT7x+/8ADR4Njr+75VfpcMj3D+lZ+1xYLdS2QZcbwImDp8q0wcQJgaeXSvOabfHJrNlv2cuHuzr99vrVvnPWsVhu0Xdlkt5PtMxJB1BOkaxFN3e2FzvMniXQw0DKY1OsdD8q97HB6EeXN+Zm7D0easNa7b3E/Sd2VG7k5foIPyo8d25JWbQf+G2SPeS3L3VrTINzmojcAEkgDmToPjXKB2i4lqVDMDJBfw/JSP7imLnEOI3CBdbDwNge8JGm+58qtITR1C52nw6GDcBPlr8DsfSot/txYCysnpmhAT9fgKwNjAXD+muI0jVba92p95+0w8jp5UMXjrdkR4S33VWCfXWarSu4Ise0PtUu27mSyA7xARVkaic0mWPwFZ3E8Txd0F8U7jNoqW8pZP3neQPcKVhcZdLFyiCRsi5m02zMCdPLWpb4Frqy2h3iTrAO8/8AGm1VsOqMlf7Ov3puC2cShGguOUYkjSdQSAfMTWh4rbxmIsWsOtrDYe2AJS2TuJ0MSSNj/c1Lt+CBJIWOX4acqsuGI11pKwmuux/EU27EzN2uwtpVi8zs065fANPugRMRzn4VqL2Ousi2wzd2iKqrJgBQAojnp110pi/iktmMwMaROb3671W8R4uBbZgWWNQQP2ToJ+E/Sohcp7jltEctcLTNnYknnPXyocUxSW00ZQxBhc23KWgE9az+A4mjXcodyYmTObT5TtVpxHhQu2ge7ZrjeHOrGVnVQqiATEaHfWIrR0nTIUW1ZHftKq24Zs+kERAJ/ZEzFNYPtNcuHKhVY05AdQRqI6b1SYlXsRZvWjaYzDEEFwCBKt0npPpWq4L2Dstgu9/KlGKu2u9w9hXAJEAjvQRmEtI00EjU09MV5mDb4Mvdv4hrrENLA+evkp1gxPOn7GDvYi6owyd47JmKytsJkYBi7PoACwBnnFXXZFMQGe5Yw6XsQwtuuYeOyO+uWrgQHwh/AdDrAPura472ZO165eSVe6SSAFyqWILHQgglln1NNuEJU0K5NclHj+w9mBbuDu9phnu3pkZvsnICCCQIPzraez3B3cHZu2H8ai8zWXAC57bopllOqMDIIPzFWnCezD2wozKABB+8SdNSdI2AgfOrqzwhRuST6D6a/OsnJtUlsFepEuXPICd4IJ+VI4dij3hAkr4deU6zHpFWN3BLGi/j8TTdtY0ApJDsm56ItSUNKmmSNzQLUZFJy0gOG4Tg9hEtvibVy2XVWH2gDIB2iRV5hzhLw7tbegHNRAG3MVr+N8QtYVLuZwRlzOG3zMIQKuSAW11kaiuTG1cu5TZc2xBkzAnp51wSxqPB2rK5l3jOBYJGhgFJE/ZJ+grPcfw9kIVt3FCjbRh06irDCYR0BF64HM6N5dNaRds2ftHK56NBA/hOnqZqfClOty1kjG7H/wDCrfcgq1stlEQdZIqFgeB3c7EqACykGRqMiA7e6i/xppypkUjm+VVjyC6z5VXX+JX7rm2jJoQJGbcHYEjbTeOtaz6dPeT9v9Jx5pLyxXuau9h+7yu1stlEA85OgCgaknb1pnHYi7HiKqDuDLEDplGmg8zWf7R8QuWkUKSrj7JzSW6neR0rP/41fIm7cujMsooEyJ3M6AEA+ZiuiGCMfpRlLI5btmwvcXs2QZuq7xvC+EdFGw9ZrJcU7buSVXNAkDxQPTKBUO7xosFXIpOurASfiBFQBjpYBrVvzABU/I10RTXYzdPuX/Z/CYzG5zh0AiAz7Rpt3jSx9wPPWtN2Y7IcQsXM7lApnMrsxGsfqgidOtZ3gfai9hHBw/gTQskko0akEHr13rv+GxIuIrrqrqrD3MAR8jWORy+A2WxiMXwbFXhCRZUHcTcLeQAgBfeZ8hzyHaLhN/DMLlwllJKs6h/BtDOCfCPOY0rtq1C43h1NologdYjXkZ69KjVOO9hafY4vYt3LuivI0zEakfHWelT2wKKPAucz9piSW5GD0k/70WCw4wysNGLOwGsgifDEfsx8dtam4y8tu13rg5gQMiqQTP63QajpWq3GyKuF7vLocx+HlvvUx+LqgIa6J2I3blyFVf8AjbXB9g21Yakhg3vEj6Vnslq07EZmOZgDsCT5xr7pqlFdxWX9ztWyHKilz5zp18PWNabx/F7lxVW7ccT9xYQDaQY0bmNetUuDYXFILQQHIkchymD/AGKrsJjfzisTptO8dNKbVK0gW7NH+WFTIBI8/dtNKvYkXFYXHhVUscqgxGuk76SKY43xBAic2uDXnziZ5T0qmwuFJvyZVCIgT9kiJBPr5U8caluObtbBLeRAWQtOuvUg7xyFbjsJxW9iMRbRGAdg4kgMpZLbMsqSOQfYg0ns92Q/JcRhRirSPZxaIikgnI99JXNOxkx7idiK0Psx7DvhuK4jOrd1Yk2mOzG4CqieZVGuA+fpWEmpNoq6iUfbK1f77ucWF8WtrImWHTVcp+1m+6QSdHq94b7KXt4rBX7XhEN3/LwMrwSDzAZVI8x0NdN4p2ds4i5ZuXBLWbi3EjTxpqpny6VaUoWlp7GcpJ7lXwbgVvD52RQLlzL3jCfEVmNDoPtHaJJJNWYpVHkrQjkIUqaLJQKUwCakZaX3dJ2osVAiioZ6GagQVEaBNCaQHIO13aNMWyIMoIhWh5Dkc/SNDJ39apsxsWgI8RErvrPP3Vm+F8Mxb3QHsXVWdfDHzNaftImMtqLmVAGdbdtWzzGUwdB4QAu3ka4tpSUZM7dOlWjBccx2IF3xFpO3QD0p7AYhHQAljc1zTmjc666DSKmYrjCC4Bfy3nXQhFbINtj946e6r3EcGW/ZV7KDIYnKgkSPdHlFdumLjRjqaZR4hbVxMi5M2mbVVOnLMNRQe66JFoCYPiRvLmGA6UvA9jLxchPDO2Y/NoqX/wCnuInxXMwgE5Tl5nkd9hQ5wxoIxcmVWE4fcvITcl2fKVPMCDEHkOo8vOqy/ZYOTcfM20HQCDtpyFblOGXLKKuoygLJgSOW1UHG+zN5yb1sEt99eZPNl6+6tozT3IaadGdEhtGJ10MT1+NNjFEnxkHeQY35VPXD6BAs3NBGoMzEedWWD7DMwm4wTXUMyj6SeW1VaAqeFMWura08bqqzyLMAPSTXpLBYRMLh0t5gFtqFBYgTHP66VxAdnLVuJEncEZl26aydqLGdoFC5LZJyz4U2kkSTHOsp+YdHVuK9t7duRb8REyY0EdOtY/ifaG5iD43KJr4icqj3dfcKyGH46ptZgDmVgNep+6BBE+dHxTjC3MLnC+Pww2YHmV2n5wKSgGyNCcXZRYtZniczKDqdtCAco+dRrHGluSveG2izoozOx03PLaqPhPGj+TvaYMZBYEEgMdDJnViNPlRW7F63nuIhPdzn02EBiCPcQ1Eo1yOwY3PmYSd9Q0jpy3FLv2ibChZOadM0wFGxHQn+lWWB7O3sVeLKhIYnxHRRG59wMiK3PYjsPkv3DdUtaQI1onZmdVzR0ylW0/aFNqMXXcWpnN7fBMRbXv1tkWxlDSAJVmCyJ1P2vdTz+zzELgTjJHcr3jFQIcqlxlJ56QpMaV3jiXAkvAKyr3ZBDrH2geWlTl4evc9yoCoFCgDYKBAHwrPXKqC97OE9new743CY14IvYdgliObLmdljnIKAe8VvO1HYa9iuH4dUtquJS1ZkaKA+RRcUkbAkk+9RXQsLgUtLlRVEmWIAGZoALNG5gDU9BUlUolJvcmyEnCUa1aS6qubQtxppnthYYD95QR7hU8ChRg1ACgaE0VFlpoQpRShSc1HNUCFZqGakzQFAxdEaTQzUAApTZpfeURegQkmiNA0U0WScDbtVjX/759ykL8tKqOM45+7ZrpuMSIBzMdevwmpC2qqu0EhAVJAE7SNfT+9K8vCrmlZ6+SlF7FFhsUqXgwMDYawela/h3ay2i5WDsDuc+x6gaVleBYd7l8FjKpBMgHUHQa+f0pd9FDumVdCdZIgCduukcq9DmWk5GlptnSOy3GcO111m7tO+mh669asFvoxJN5tBttzboBXNuyFhnxDrZDSE2kfrA6ExWgw2IIcjNvI1B3D8/jXB1TlGTXt/DpwY042vb9l1/i9m3qRl88pMx1O9V2I9omHE5ZYg6ch8DTeKsM65dD0O8GDy+NZnFdnXVpNm5/D4lPmCBI9xitel6mDjpk6aIz9O1K0X7e0NHUgW1zagRqfWASfjVC2Lvo0hGGYSoIKk+aiDpV/2d7JKyvcvApAEAkyJ1zn0X61aWLb2zae21p2tG6t1HbKWtsMrEEzlMKhBjmN9a61li+Dm0tHMTirjOc7OwJOxO/Q661texfZT8qtvcfMltPDv9tgJMEcgCP8ANT+H4TgQ8pZv4gg/9xwEGs6i2B82rbYDiloDuQ1rQR3doeFf8gMetXOdKkTRyTh3B2v3Lq2VdgX0jYQYEnaYIq9wHYG8129ZVcoa2GDGe7BzCAGjfMII3gGukYay6jLZRUTooCipaYi4q92SAM0+ZMHb401lb+CaRQ8O7Aql20AVyWSc8rrcDr4h5SQNOQ91aLiPArTgKEWDIaNJUiDPpUlbpNLDVnVqmK2FwjhlrDWVtWlhVAUTqT5seZO/rVhZuBRA0FQg9LV6sksFv08l+q1Xp63cFMLLENTgc1BW+KdF8UqKJgelhqhrfpxb9KhEoNR1HF+lC9RQD1HTQvUfe0AOUdNi4KVNAg6ImhQoAKimhNFNAANJNHSCaAPPwpLLIggEHkelXuO7PkFu7IOWCycxM7fDaqq1hWaY5b8oryHBqWnuevqTVlYMGLVtzbWDBPMkwD11rGshZix1B33+vxrZ4viC21YlXzfZQEMoJkT4umx9PKqTiV23ljJFxgdiMvvjrv0r0cEXFW+WcuSSbpcFt7KD/wBa/KUP9anXLX/UOPO4P/tFQfZtaKYrNtoR8iatcQIxT/v3P5lNcfVu5fn9HR0+3+fsFzh/eFDOUo4IMdY+elaqwfD6n+aqTDnb3iruwPD6n615M5PZHVJE3ga57l1W1GVOQ/arMdvLL4Yqe4Fy0Bo/h8BmAviRvDEaVquAfp3/AHU+rU9huK4fH2ntcyCGQ7xMZlPMTzG1ex020E0eZm+tnHzxZrhAgRyBAyjyAIyf6au8F27u2sUvgtpYzKGtqqkBdiVaMxI1Pyqs7R8LbBXnsuCV0KPEBgR12DT/AHrVYWzAQZAOnUV6S0y3Mdzvtu8GUMpDKwkEGQQeYNNOutcZ4Z2ov4XS08KTJU+JZ22aflWgw3tZcAd7YDftI+Wf4SDFToa4Jo3vFuKrh7JuPrsFWYLMdgP72BqJ2Z7UpjA+VWRkIlSQdGmCD6GuW9pO2jYu8GIZET7CTMHSSTAkk8+gFSuwnaQWcWWuQEu+FyNhtBjoCB6TVqPlvuJxOyijBpsPQzVJND6tTitUYNTiCaZLJKtTgao6rSwtUhEhXpwPUcLS1FMZID0sPUcClTSodkgPSs9Rg1KDDrRQWSVanA9R199OCpAfDUYemZpQNKgHC9CfI/Cm5pvOepoAcdqICkG4eetLpgchvdpMN3i4fBy2Zoa40mSfvMfvGYqh43gLtmGJOhnQnK3vHUb69KsOyHYq4WFx0CKuszA9SfpU3tdx2yqm3nUnofLnpXlS8klJcnprdUYzGK1xD9mZlddCN9DOh051GwHATcurKkD72kCf3+lN4tcykKNDB01AI6Ck4LjT21KtqBtyMjzH0Nd8MinGjncHFmo4dCYi2FiNhG2oP403jT/1TfvOf9INUFntHcBkQGmZyydfUVJt9ohmYugdj96SsGIkgb/KuXL01/S/U3x5ads06aAe8VcWroCEkwBMnlsKy1ri6MIuZCPCy5XJaY5x4RBnQ61HxOMDtq7dB4oHr8vI1zLoG2nJly6ldkaS9x5F7xrbZiUAUrrDAn6ZgYrH4THNbuDunKsrE2365uRnTUaecmaaxaXMoLmQTGnKZ16RoNBVNdcg76/3pXqYsUcSpHJJubtnWsB2vsYlO5xyKjEQSR+bbzn7v086wvars02Du5rBDYe4fAZzAHmpb6Gai8N4yNrgJirvD3rLKRIAPKYB941BqvDp3EzujIi+G3iQdQdD6Go9/wAWqnWdiYraWuA4a4TmAmNMu2m+qwRWVxHB275ksklV0OYj36HmK3RJWM8nUQdqUl3IdD0qff7OXsmdcraxEkGegB5+tQPyNgU7xGAJ1BBXQb600irN12Z9pJsIEujOg2g+NB0E7jyPxro/BeO2cUmey2Ycxsy/vLuK894VEzOrfqnKdZB3B+UetFhOIPaJyllkawSJHQ5TtQ8exGx6WFP2hXBuGdssVaCOl1zMgq8uun73/PnrWlx3tJuXsMbMC07gKbgLRB0IA1Kk7TOxqfDZDOsgUsVz3jnbpripYwebvLmRTdPhgmAQk7Gd22AmOose33aM2LK2bb/nXjMQYZUG501BYiB60VQjaLTi1jO2vGXsnCkTIcXHH7ogg/Ej1rQdpONDC4Z7sAkQEB2LMYE+VKyqLcClBag8N4mt3DpeGisuY+UfaHoQR6Uz2b7Qri0d0EZXK9ZXdW9Ry8jQBa92KAt1W4XtAj4q5hh9pFVp5GZzAeY8Pvnyp7jXGUwtlrrgkCNBuZIGnxn0osKLJRTgNM2bwZQymVYAg9QRIPwpjBcWtXXuJbcM1o5XHQ+XUbiR0pATppVRMfj0s2muXDCoCSfICdBzPlTmDxaXUW5bOZWAKnqDSAeJpkmnX2pmaEIE04LlMk0AaYHEOMdrcTivCX7tTyTQVZcE7FWcThouSLkki4PtGTs3JhT2B7KfrH05f71quHYXuhE/35VwbI7WzFN2LFhoKSeR1IPmKRj+y63Rp4W5GJHqOddFxZDRtpUf8nHShGbbOO4vsPiUki2LgA/7ba+iPE+lUd3hzKxDh0YfddWXfrXe/wAmHKub9teHn8tJHPuj8iKt5nE0xrW6Zhr+FcHQHppr8+VOYG/kM66ctP6g1qr+EIYk+lOYjswlxc0ZW01AEazuPwisY/8AQV+ZUby6WlszK38bJJJ/D5D+lQrrz/c1K4jgDYbLcU+TKSVPumkiwCPCwPlt8a74yUlaOVqnQm1OUQetDKRqCV8p0Mc/fUixhyB+Ox9xpvF3Qqmf79x2rWO5DGbGKfMArOTygkfSrbCA2JDwSdZIzczOx8/OkcKYoklQMwknc6iQI6baUwWn9YgHr+Ok7cq0bMy9wmMRtspB5Bo+II/rTvE8IbqKslRyBiDHmJI121rM4R8p12/vnV/Zx8gQZgAamfrPxpbBZV2+zIzDSATGYk6jlMHePdUy12XtTldCTrqGIn3Db5U7+Ua5T4ddfpyqz4fjUQEO+m4+8NPIfhScgoz68J1Cq/hlsuhMAaake6KkXeAMoDSrAEbTIMGNxHLr0q5PGbU6FBzgrB35xUqzxCwRoInkGmD5jmNec0amwozuGw1wywU7kHUac9V9flS7ONIcAiGUzJAJlSCNDqI061p7eGS4ZtmPMfht8qhpwEG4bquM5zaDzOojpHv2otthRV8S4+9y6Ll187FMuuwjbQaTOvnWh492jbHWbTMVQDxFBqGfaZ5RrpULGcMJKnu1YgHTeTIGx39fOkvwchpKFAQCIMEHnpEdNKNqJ7lhZ7UuuF/I7ZA/NquY6HM9x2fL1BBA1/50vYB7eGs3u9uIpLiFJAOVLY1A5ySdulc+xHB3L94hMCNyoMqR5iPdrViknXPGmaGXlz1FSyqLDC8fFniX5RcHhdm57JBTXzCktHlWs9pGJHcJaGpdgf4RqTXM+OAui5SvhnaYObpV1YaLalmJhQOZMAc5Py8qh8IdbnQezfEgvC1uOdEW4DzjK7gD3xGnurnvZ/j9yxiDdVdbveCGBiXu24B6xBPxqt4JxNi11JlXzOFkgSG3jrB+VO462bqtkYA25MbyRyUgHbzq1Vk1aN32540t7A21t731V4kSqkSZ9ZFXHs8BGASds97L+73rDTykH41zLhNqbahpzFYJmdBMQJkDWNq2nZ/tgmHsJZZWYICFdSGBEkjNtG8b1NAzeOdKz2F7Upcx1zCAeJLavm6kswZY8gAZ8zWH7X9ubj4d1ChA2hOYlgJBMCAIIEetVnssNy9xHvrhkmwzMeZhbdtZ11JDk+hq4x2tks7Mg1p3KKbtU5WbGYy5ikQeNlUeZioH+Pi4wt2oJJjMdFHn1NYzu3czqT1Jk1bcA4ewbxfGuFo7GqNrYwJRYmep6mnTb0qTgtUANOjBg86pUYtMhLaMVgO21n/q1Pla/mIrqK4IRuflXPvaDZC4hIP3EP8ArNRk7fJthVSfwUWNsFlyg5SY19x29Yq64da8ENBOVZPUwdahBQYq1wi/yj6mvJnwkd7KnH9mFv3UBEqRckcx9nUHrWS452Jv4ckqO8t8mG4H7Q5H5eddQ4cPzyfxfQfhWhvYJW8j1Feh0s5Qgq/BwZn5tzzbdaBGVp6ajXqKZtWi7DvDlXprrHWu88U7G23BOQT1UZT7yNj6iuecZ7A3VY90ueToRvtsV5H5V6ePPF7PZnPKL5RSLB+9I94/rT1vFJBAyk6cwPjOlN3/AGe4sOq5c8gEkEQrc1MmdNNQNau8J7JruWXbX9VdB8SZ+VX4uP1smmZ/E4lCenoI+VKtFWG9dE4V7OLKDxqs+rn/AFkj5VZt2Ks/d0/hT6RWTyXwikl3OU910NKF1hXTT7P05MvqgHzBpoezhOq/6/xqfEfox7epzpcQeevvH9KkB5+6OXlFb4+zlY0y/F6NPZyOq/F6fjP0YUvUwgvRsSKk2cewGhHrWyf2c9Cv+Zv6imH9nlzqf8y/hS8X2f4Ht6mZXibAgzDD6D+/lUgcY3BYkT1nnrB571cn2f3ByY+qn6GiHs+u/qn/AE/+VUs/z+GDimVKcX10EgTEgTt15xTy8SRz9nU78pnyqd/6fXujR0hf/Kot/sZeXcMPerD5iafjR7/pi0hNctD7oHPYTHvH96Ud57dxIHntJjYienOol3g98aCfRhHwJorfDb6zAYSIMFdfSaPEg+6KolZsORoMrc4jz59Nai5EU6AkEdddfdTP+C3jMW7h01hSfoTU/hPCyA2exccmAol06ydBPKnqT3QLYK3ibWXxSGEDSduRFOWbiHZlAOkHTbn5/wC1NcS4I2ZTbsXdRLBlc5SCQRpy2M6b1DtYUqYYFDP2SDPwIB51akmS0Hx/Ci6kZhlLHWVMmB9nUECqzDcSfDFHQmUIjKfEAI/V0Iq043YyZbbWj4x4IBzcuQ8jUrs77LXxLK99sloRKD7ZA3B0hSdOZgedaOVcmZ1zs5xT8pw1u/kKd4obKeWpHwMSPIirKmsPaCqFUQAAABsABAA9KcrEDmGD4f0FXmAwFNWcQiDU+g3qRYuXbn2FyKfvHf41wnUywfEd34R4mOgA/rVlhhCAHU8/edTUC3ZW2sjxv1Jj4dKr8R2qKkg249f9qLoRoO/12Nc+9o5i6hHK39Hmrd+1/wD/AD+c/hWV7ScWbENLKAFBAjmJBqZvg0xciMwke7/ernCnb3D+tUd6yGBUncEafCrfhdnKqgmYXf1H415k+DtLLAD88nvP8talRWVwpi9b/eP8prUqa7em+g4M31C6b7kTMCetHNCa6TALIOgpDWxRs1Ia5VpCEd0KVFNNdou9rWiR6jAppblOBqYChRigKUKBChShSRSb2LRCMzBZmJ02idfUfGmFD4FKApCOCJBBHUaj4ilg1QxQpxRSAaWKoKB3Q6D4CjOGU/dX4ClA0qlSAo+N8BZ/FZOVoghSF9QevvpmzwXEAAjLMRlYzz6x/WtIKWpqNC39x2UX5PcRD3qETyTxH36TFQCqv4SjuOjW8w+e1asmkzS0e4WZ/B8BC7IlpSIIUAMR0MbD1NXFq2FACiANhS7hpANaxjRLJC7UJpKnShQBzu3+mP7xrXJ9ijoVxG4221Zniv6ShQqRlPe+0PT6VV4zZvcfoKKhWUzfDySRv/m+tXeE5e78KFCvOycnZ2JuH/S2/wB4/wArVqFoqFdvT/Qefn+oM0RoUK6lwYDbVX4/ahQraIiFhN6n0KFbITHFp5aFCkxDopYoUKkELFMn9Mv/AMd3+azQoUAUvB//AHdz1rSCjoU1whsUKdFChVAKFGaFCmDFClUdCgQRoqFCgBp96SKFCmIdFChQoA//2Q==" /><br />Hatcher says they have over 90% of the skeleton, and estimates Suzy will be about 38 feet in length when completely assembled. That's approximately five feet shorter than the Centre's star attraction Bruce the Mosasaur.<br /><br />The restoration of Suzy's skeleton is being done by Drumheller, Alberta based Palco Prep Inc., the same company which worked on Bruce. Hatcher says what's really exciting is it's the most scientifically accurate Tylosaur skull replica anywhere in the world to date.<br /><br />"There's been some knowledge obtained by researchers all around the world looking at Mosasaur bones, particularly one called a quadrate bone which allowed the Mosasaur to unhinge its jaw and swallow food larger than its head, a lot like modern day snakes," explains Hatcher.<br /><br />"We've learned that that bone had a slightly different position within the skull since the Bruce model had been done, so the new information is applied to the Suzy skull.<br /><br />While the average viewer may or may not notice a difference, it is, anatomically speaking, the most accurate Mosasaur skull in the world today."<br /><br />Hatcher expects they will find more hidden treasures like Suzy in their collection.<br /><img src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT2Its7DaFTLXm277WaoqrRjFfTQ8cyYMojAV39-dG4wrFuc-UC" /><br />"During the early days when this museum was first founded on the bentonite mining discoveries, those guys in those days were collecting fossils faster than their volunteer staff could ever clean and prepare them," says Hatcher.<br /><br />"A lot of times we'll come in and we know we have a specimen, and we know maybe what animal it is largely, but we don't know the particulars.<br /><br />As we open some of the old plaster jackets it's not unlike Christmas morning, is it going to be something like the average vertebrae or are we going to have a whole new discovery?"<br /><br />As part of the conservation initiative, Hatcher says they have made some outstanding discoveries, a few them even being the first occurrence of the particular species in the Manitoba fossil record.<br /><br />The new Suzy Mosasaur skull replica exhibit is on display now in the Bruce gallery.<br /></div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-53983450764947564212011-12-17T07:11:00.000-08:002011-12-17T07:11:54.341-08:00Tylosaur on permanent display at Swift Current Museum<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQiBSp4CJLGqCl7ncC9yOjp7oK_pDIjiBwTazx4nhdieMrvIIdz" /></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The replica fossil of a 65 million year old ferocious reptile related to modern day lizards has found a permanent home at the Swift Current Museum, a short distance from its 1994 discovery site in the hills of Lake Diefenbaker.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A 10 metre (35 foot) long tylosaur is currently on permanent display at Swift Current Museum, with its unveiling this past Saturday eliciting wide-eyed stares from youngsters in attendance at the grand opening. The reptile's bones were discovered in 1994 close to the Herbert Ferry Regional Park by Oliver Johnson.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"It's really a spectacular looking thing...35 feet long...it's an eating machine," noted Swift Current Museum Curator Lloyd Begley. "We're very fortunate that it was available for us, that the tylosaur was looking for a home and we were able to enter into an agreement with the Royal Saskatchewan Museum."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While two other replica fossils continue to tour as part of the Hunter of the Prairie Sea exhibition, it was agreed Swift Current should play host to the third replica as the original bones were found in the Southwest.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tim Tokaryk, Head of the Paleontology Program (Acting) at the Royal Saskatchewan Museum's Fossil Research Station in Eastend, admitted that Saskatchewan's fossilized finds are important for a number of reasons.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNkKJLha1HbCfp5umBBgu00XbuVheqS_-IxRm-jDLUY0ozHKse" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNkKJLha1HbCfp5umBBgu00XbuVheqS_-IxRm-jDLUY0ozHKse" /></a>"It illustrates that we have a historical record that goes back millions of years, and that in order to understand the diversity of life before us, as well as the adaptability of species to extreme environments, we can then use that information to understand what's going on today with diversity change," Tokaryk said during Saturday's unveiling.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"Each piece of that puzzle - each skeleton, each bone - helps us recreate that snapshot of life millions of years ago. And the more snapshots we have the better we can understand the evolution of ecosystems and evolution of species across large periods of time, across extreme environment events. And of course this one is an extreme example of what happens, it was quite successful when it was around, but it was unable to adapt to an extinction event 65 million years ago when a meteorite hit the earth and caused global havoc. So we can understand who survived, to an extent why they survived, and why the ones that went extinct, that's our goal."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Southwest has been a key location for a variety of helpful discoveries.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwN7A_w-ksdGvWtn60R5TvoGd14OI0CIJ2FV_m3VLgP__8x9CkYA" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRwN7A_w-ksdGvWtn60R5TvoGd14OI0CIJ2FV_m3VLgP__8x9CkYA" /></a>"A lot of our resources are from the Southwest. That's because the paleontologists need exposure of a bedrock. Rolling hills don't do it because we can't sort of see into the hill," he explained. "In Saskatchewan we're not generally known as the place to go for fossils. But we are becoming that with discoveries like this and the more discoveries we're making every year."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Southwest a key to some puzzle pieces.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tokaryk was involved in the excavation process in Eastend, where the recovery of the Scotty T.rex turned out to be Canada's most complete Tyrannosaurus rex.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
He was also one of the original individuals to visit the site of the tylosaur back in 1994 shortly after it was found.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5-ejQdWXoc-25zfj9TKLeYxryOKDK9uSC8_feL3edr0BfK_7e" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5-ejQdWXoc-25zfj9TKLeYxryOKDK9uSC8_feL3edr0BfK_7e" /></a>"We realized right away that there were bones in sequence going into the hill, which is a good indicator there's going to be more in the hill."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Over the summer of 1995 workers began the excavation of the site, the process which is the quick part of the recovery.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The long part of it is when you bring it back to the lab and start piecing the stuff together. Fossils, by nature, are extremely fragile. You don't pick them up like potatoes. They're very fragile - and so it's a long process of removing the rock from the fossil, gluing it as you go. And can you imagine doing that to a 30-foot animal with 200 plus bones, it's a very long process."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The fact that this fossil was so well preserved made the discovery just that much more interesting.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"The original skull has a little bit of crushing, but it's so well preserved that the sclerotic rings, these are the boney plates in the eye, are still there - is quite revealing. In fact that we also found bits and pieces of a smaller, different species of mosasaur, in it's stomach region, we have an idea of actually what his last meal was."</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While tylosaurs are relatively common in the southern United States, there were previously not many recovered from the northern part of the Western Interior Seaway which cut across North America and covered present day Saskatchewan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRjisYlOLVomTfszmE3-tJm_DV8S9I9HUV_0zuzIylDM0oe1rgdYQ" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRjisYlOLVomTfszmE3-tJm_DV8S9I9HUV_0zuzIylDM0oe1rgdYQ" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A Masters Student from the University of Alberta completed his thesis on the fossil, and a soon to be published paper will explain why this tylosaur is unique to the province and northern part of fauna that existed 75 million years ago.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"When we have more specific ideas of the diversity of life 65 million years ago, again that picture, that snapshot becomes a little more clearer. So we're trying to understand just based on those little pieces of fossil, and those skeletons of fossil, what was happening millions of years ago," Tokaryk noted.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8503400445393861552.post-1559591967294447282011-12-17T06:52:00.000-08:002011-12-17T06:52:16.865-08:00Dinosaurs with killer claws yield new theory about flight<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;">
<img src="http://www.montana.edu/cpa/news/images/articles/20111213-19364952481073074137.jpg" /></div>
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">New research from Montana State University's </span><a href="http://www.museumoftherockies.org/" style="color: #0f59a1; cursor: pointer; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Museum of the Rockies</a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"> has revealed how dinosaurs like </span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Velociraptor</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"> and</span><i style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Deinonychus</i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;"> used their famous killer claws, leading to a new hypothesis on the evolution of flight in birds.</span><br />
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
In a paper published Dec. 14 in <i>PLoS ONE</i>, MSU researchers <a href="http://www.montana.edu/wwwes/students/grad/fowler.htm" style="color: #0f59a1; cursor: pointer;">Denver W. Fowler</a>, <a href="http://www.montana.edu/wwwes/students/grad/freedman.htm" style="color: #0f59a1; cursor: pointer;">Elizabeth A. Freedman</a>, <a href="http://www.montana.edu/wwwes/students/grad/scannella.htm" style="color: #0f59a1; cursor: pointer;">John B. Scannella</a> and Robert E. Kambic (now at Brown University in Rhode Island), describe how comparing modern birds of prey helped develop a new behavior model for sickle-clawed carnivorous dinosaurs like <i>Velociraptor</i>.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"This study is a real game-changer," said lead author Fowler. "It completely overhauls our perception of these little predatory dinosaurs, changing the way we think about their ecology and evolution."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The study focuses on dromaeosaurids; a group of small predatory dinosaurs that include the famous Velociraptor and its larger relative,<i>Deinonychus</i>. Dromaeosaurids are closely related to birds, and are most famous for possessing an enlarged sickle-claw on digit two (inside toe) of the foot. Previous researchers suggested that this claw was used to slash at prey, or help climb up their hides, but the new study proposes a different behavior.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"Modern hawks and eagles possess a similar enlarged claw on their digit 2's, something that hadn't been noted before we published on it back in 2009," Fowler said. "We showed that the enlarged D-2 claws are used as anchors, latching into the prey, preventing their escape. We interpret the sickle claw of dromaeosaurids as having evolved to do the same thing: latching in, and holding on."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
As in modern birds of prey, precise use of the claw is related to relative prey size.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"This strategy is only really needed for prey that are about the same size as the predator; large enough that they might struggle and escape from the feet," Fowler said. "Smaller prey are just squeezed to death, but with large prey all the predator can do is hold on and stop it from escaping, then basically just eat it alive. Dromaeosaurs lack any obvious adaptations for dispatching their victims, so just like hawks and eagles, they probably ate their prey alive too."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
Other features of bird of prey feet gave clues as to the functional anatomy of their ancient relatives; toe proportions of dromaeosaurids seemed more suited for grasping than running, and the metatarsus (bones between the ankles and the toes) is more adapted for strength than speed.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"Unlike humans, most dinosaurs and birds only walk on their toes, so the metatarsus forms part of the leg itself," Fowler said. "A long metatarsus lets you take bigger strides to run faster; but in dromaeosaurids, the metatarsus is very short, which is odd."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
Fowler thinks that this indicates that <i>Velociraptor</i> and its kin were adapted for a strategy other than simply running after prey.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"When we look at modern birds of prey, a relatively short metatarsus is one feature that gives the bird additional strength in its feet," Fowler continued. "<i>Velociraptor</i> and <i>Deinonychus</i> also have a very short, stout metatarsus, suggesting that they had great strength but wouldn't have been very fast runners."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The ecological implications become especially interesting when dromaeosaurids are contrasted with their closest relatives: a very similar group of small carnivorous dinosaurs called troodontids, Fowler said.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"Troodontids and dromaeosaurids started out looking very similar, but over about 60 million years they evolved in opposite directions, adapting to different niches," Fowler said. "Dromaeosaurids evolved towards stronger, slower feet; suggesting a stealthy ambush predatory strategy, adapted for relatively large prey. By contrast, troodontids evolved a longer metatarsus for speed and a more precise, but weaker grip, suggesting they were swift but probably took relatively smaller prey."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The study also has implications for the next closest relatives of troodontids and dromaeosaurids: birds. An important step in the origin of modern birds was the evolution of the perching foot.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"A grasping foot is present in the closest relatives of birds, but also in the earliest birds like Archaeopteryx," Fowler said. "We suggest that this originally evolved for predation, but would also have been available for use in perching. This is what we call 'exaptation:' a structure evolved originally for one purpose that can later be appropriated for a different use."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The new study proposes that a similar mechanism may be responsible for the evolution of flight.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"When a modern hawk has latched its enlarged claws into its prey, it can no longer use the feet for stabilization and positioning," Fowler said. "Instead the predator flaps its wings so that the prey stays underneath its feet, where it can be pinned down by the predator's bodyweight."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The researchers suggest that this 'stability flapping' uses less energy than flight, making it an intermediate flapping behavior that may be key to understanding how flight evolved.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"The predator's flapping just maintains its position, and does not need to be as powerful or vigorous as full flight would require. Get on top, stay on top; it's not trying to fly away," Fowler said. "We see fully formed wings in exquisitely preserved dromaeosaurid fossils, and from biomechanical studies we can show that they were also able to perform a rudimentary flapping stroke. Most researchers think that they weren't powerful enough to fly; we propose that the less demanding stability flapping would be a viable use for such a wing, and this behavior would be consistent with the unusual adaptations of the feet."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
Another group of researchers has proposed that understanding flapping behaviors is key to understanding the evolution of flight, a view with which Fowler agrees.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"If we look at modern birds, we see flapping being used for all sorts of behaviors outside of flight. In our paper, we are formally proposing the 'flapping first' model: where flapping evolved for other behaviors first, and was only later exapted for flight by birds."</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
The researchers believe their new ideas will open multiple new lines of investigation into dinosaur paleobiology, and the evolution of novel anatomical structures.</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding-bottom: 10px !important; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">
"As with other research conducted at the <a href="http://www.montana.edu/wwwes/facstaff/horner.htm" style="color: #0f59a1; cursor: pointer;">Jack Horner</a> paleo lab, we're looking at old paleontological questions with a fresh perspective, taking a different angle," Fowler said. "Just as you have to get beyond the idea that feet are used just for walking, so we are coming to realize that many unusual structures in modern animals originally evolved for quite different purposes. Revealing the selection pathways that mold and produce these structures helps us to better understand the major evolutionary transitions that shaped life on this planet."</div>
</div>Rom4nyonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17934757739875216260noreply@blogger.com0